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// Copyright 2014 beego Author. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package beego
import (
"bufio"
"errors"
"fmt"
"net"
"net/http"
"os"
"path"
"path/filepath"
"reflect"
"runtime"
"strconv"
"strings"
"time"
beecontext "github.com/astaxie/beego/context"
"github.com/astaxie/beego/middleware"
"github.com/astaxie/beego/toolbox"
"github.com/astaxie/beego/utils"
)
const (
// default filter execution points
BeforeStatic = iota
BeforeRouter
BeforeExec
AfterExec
FinishRouter
)
const (
routerTypeBeego = iota
routerTypeRESTFul
routerTypeHandler
)
var (
// supported http methods.
HTTPMETHOD = map[string]string{
"GET": "GET",
"POST": "POST",
"PUT": "PUT",
"DELETE": "DELETE",
"PATCH": "PATCH",
"OPTIONS": "OPTIONS",
"HEAD": "HEAD",
"TRACE": "TRACE",
"CONNECT": "CONNECT",
}
// these beego.Controller's methods shouldn't reflect to AutoRouter
exceptMethod = []string{"Init", "Prepare", "Finish", "Render", "RenderString",
"RenderBytes", "Redirect", "Abort", "StopRun", "UrlFor", "ServeJson", "ServeJsonp",
"ServeXml", "Input", "ParseForm", "GetString", "GetStrings", "GetInt", "GetBool",
"GetFloat", "GetFile", "SaveToFile", "StartSession", "SetSession", "GetSession",
"DelSession", "SessionRegenerateID", "DestroySession", "IsAjax", "GetSecureCookie",
"SetSecureCookie", "XsrfToken", "CheckXsrfCookie", "XsrfFormHtml",
"GetControllerAndAction"}
url_placeholder = "{{placeholder}}"
)
// To append a slice's value into "exceptMethod", for controller's methods shouldn't reflect to AutoRouter
func ExceptMethodAppend(action string) {
exceptMethod = append(exceptMethod, action)
}
type controllerInfo struct {
pattern string
controllerType reflect.Type
methods map[string]string
handler http.Handler
runfunction FilterFunc
routerType int
}
// ControllerRegistor containers registered router rules, controller handlers and filters.
type ControllerRegistor struct {
routers map[string]*Tree
enableFilter bool
filters map[int][]*FilterRouter
}
// NewControllerRegister returns a new ControllerRegistor.
func NewControllerRegister() *ControllerRegistor {
return &ControllerRegistor{
routers: make(map[string]*Tree),
filters: make(map[int][]*FilterRouter),
}
}
// Add controller handler and pattern rules to ControllerRegistor.
// usage:
// default methods is the same name as method
// Add("/user",&UserController{})
// Add("/api/list",&RestController{},"*:ListFood")
// Add("/api/create",&RestController{},"post:CreateFood")
// Add("/api/update",&RestController{},"put:UpdateFood")
// Add("/api/delete",&RestController{},"delete:DeleteFood")
// Add("/api",&RestController{},"get,post:ApiFunc")
// Add("/simple",&SimpleController{},"get:GetFunc;post:PostFunc")
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Add(pattern string, c ControllerInterface, mappingMethods ...string) {
reflectVal := reflect.ValueOf(c)
t := reflect.Indirect(reflectVal).Type()
methods := make(map[string]string)
if len(mappingMethods) > 0 {
semi := strings.Split(mappingMethods[0], ";")
for _, v := range semi {
colon := strings.Split(v, ":")
if len(colon) != 2 {
panic("method mapping format is invalid")
}
comma := strings.Split(colon[0], ",")
for _, m := range comma {
if _, ok := HTTPMETHOD[strings.ToUpper(m)]; m == "*" || ok {
if val := reflectVal.MethodByName(colon[1]); val.IsValid() {
methods[strings.ToUpper(m)] = colon[1]
} else {
panic(colon[1] + " method doesn't exist in the controller " + t.Name())
}
} else {
panic(v + " is an invalid method mapping. Method doesn't exist " + m)
}
}
}
}
route := &controllerInfo{}
route.pattern = pattern
route.methods = methods
route.routerType = routerTypeBeego
route.controllerType = t
if len(methods) == 0 {
for _, m := range HTTPMETHOD {
p.addToRouter(m, pattern, route)
}
} else {
for k, _ := range methods {
if k == "*" {
for _, m := range HTTPMETHOD {
p.addToRouter(m, pattern, route)
}
} else {
p.addToRouter(k, pattern, route)
}
}
}
}
func (p *ControllerRegistor) addToRouter(method, pattern string, r *controllerInfo) {
if t, ok := p.routers[method]; ok {
t.AddRouter(pattern, r)
} else {
t := NewTree()
t.AddRouter(pattern, r)
p.routers[method] = t
}
}
// only when the Runmode is dev will generate router file in the router/auto.go from the controller
// Include(&BankAccount{}, &OrderController{},&RefundController{},&ReceiptController{})
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Include(cList ...ControllerInterface) {
if RunMode == "dev" {
skip := make(map[string]bool, 10)
for _, c := range cList {
reflectVal := reflect.ValueOf(c)
t := reflect.Indirect(reflectVal).Type()
gopath := os.Getenv("GOPATH")
if gopath == "" {
panic("you are in dev mode. So please set gopath")
}
pkgpath := ""
wgopath := filepath.SplitList(gopath)
for _, wg := range wgopath {
wg, _ = filepath.EvalSymlinks(filepath.Join(wg, "src", t.PkgPath()))
if utils.FileExists(wg) {
pkgpath = wg
break
}
}
if pkgpath != "" {
if _, ok := skip[pkgpath]; !ok {
skip[pkgpath] = true
parserPkg(pkgpath, t.PkgPath())
}
}
}
}
for _, c := range cList {
reflectVal := reflect.ValueOf(c)
t := reflect.Indirect(reflectVal).Type()
key := t.PkgPath() + ":" + t.Name()
if comm, ok := GlobalControllerRouter[key]; ok {
for _, a := range comm {
p.Add(a.Router, c, strings.Join(a.AllowHTTPMethods, ",")+":"+a.Method)
}
}
}
}
// add get method
// usage:
// Get("/", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Get(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("get", pattern, f)
}
// add post method
// usage:
// Post("/api", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Post(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("post", pattern, f)
}
// add put method
// usage:
// Put("/api/:id", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Put(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("put", pattern, f)
}
// add delete method
// usage:
// Delete("/api/:id", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Delete(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("delete", pattern, f)
}
// add head method
// usage:
// Head("/api/:id", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Head(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("head", pattern, f)
}
// add patch method
// usage:
// Patch("/api/:id", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Patch(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("patch", pattern, f)
}
// add options method
// usage:
// Options("/api/:id", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Options(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("options", pattern, f)
}
// add all method
// usage:
// Any("/api/:id", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Any(pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
p.AddMethod("*", pattern, f)
}
// add http method router
// usage:
// AddMethod("get","/api/:id", func(ctx *context.Context){
// ctx.Output.Body("hello world")
// })
func (p *ControllerRegistor) AddMethod(method, pattern string, f FilterFunc) {
if _, ok := HTTPMETHOD[strings.ToUpper(method)]; method != "*" && !ok {
panic("not support http method: " + method)
}
route := &controllerInfo{}
route.pattern = pattern
route.routerType = routerTypeRESTFul
route.runfunction = f
methods := make(map[string]string)
if method == "*" {
for _, val := range HTTPMETHOD {
methods[val] = val
}
} else {
methods[strings.ToUpper(method)] = strings.ToUpper(method)
}
route.methods = methods
for k, _ := range methods {
if k == "*" {
for _, m := range HTTPMETHOD {
p.addToRouter(m, pattern, route)
}
} else {
p.addToRouter(k, pattern, route)
}
}
}
// add user defined Handler
func (p *ControllerRegistor) Handler(pattern string, h http.Handler, options ...interface{}) {
route := &controllerInfo{}
route.pattern = pattern
route.routerType = routerTypeHandler
route.handler = h
if len(options) > 0 {
if _, ok := options[0].(bool); ok {
pattern = path.Join(pattern, "?:all")
}
}
for _, m := range HTTPMETHOD {
p.addToRouter(m, pattern, route)
}
}
// Add auto router to ControllerRegistor.
// example beego.AddAuto(&MainContorlller{}),
// MainController has method List and Page.
// visit the url /main/list to execute List function
// /main/page to execute Page function.
func (p *ControllerRegistor) AddAuto(c ControllerInterface) {
p.AddAutoPrefix("/", c)
}
// Add auto router to ControllerRegistor with prefix.
// example beego.AddAutoPrefix("/admin",&MainContorlller{}),
// MainController has method List and Page.
// visit the url /admin/main/list to execute List function
// /admin/main/page to execute Page function.
func (p *ControllerRegistor) AddAutoPrefix(prefix string, c ControllerInterface) {
reflectVal := reflect.ValueOf(c)
rt := reflectVal.Type()
ct := reflect.Indirect(reflectVal).Type()
controllerName := strings.TrimSuffix(ct.Name(), "Controller")
for i := 0; i < rt.NumMethod(); i++ {
if !utils.InSlice(rt.Method(i).Name, exceptMethod) {
route := &controllerInfo{}
route.routerType = routerTypeBeego
route.methods = map[string]string{"*": rt.Method(i).Name}
route.controllerType = ct
pattern := path.Join(prefix, strings.ToLower(controllerName), strings.ToLower(rt.Method(i).Name), "*")
patternInit := path.Join(prefix, controllerName, rt.Method(i).Name, "*")
patternfix := path.Join(prefix, strings.ToLower(controllerName), strings.ToLower(rt.Method(i).Name))
patternfixInit := path.Join(prefix, controllerName, rt.Method(i).Name)
route.pattern = pattern
for _, m := range HTTPMETHOD {
p.addToRouter(m, pattern, route)
p.addToRouter(m, patternInit, route)
p.addToRouter(m, patternfix, route)
p.addToRouter(m, patternfixInit, route)
}
}
}
}
// Add a FilterFunc with pattern rule and action constant.
func (p *ControllerRegistor) InsertFilter(pattern string, pos int, filter FilterFunc) error {
mr := new(FilterRouter)
mr.tree = NewTree()
mr.pattern = pattern
mr.filterFunc = filter
mr.tree.AddRouter(pattern, true)
return p.insertFilterRouter(pos, mr)
}
// add Filter into
func (p *ControllerRegistor) insertFilterRouter(pos int, mr *FilterRouter) error {
p.filters[pos] = append(p.filters[pos], mr)
p.enableFilter = true
return nil
}
// UrlFor does another controller handler in this request function.
// it can access any controller method.
func (p *ControllerRegistor) UrlFor(endpoint string, values ...string) string {
paths := strings.Split(endpoint, ".")
if len(paths) <= 1 {
Warn("urlfor endpoint must like path.controller.method")
return ""
}
if len(values)%2 != 0 {
Warn("urlfor params must key-value pair")
return ""
}
params := make(map[string]string)
if len(values) > 0 {
key := ""
for k, v := range values {
if k%2 == 0 {
key = v
} else {
params[key] = v
}
}
}
controllName := strings.Join(paths[:len(paths)-1], ".")
methodName := paths[len(paths)-1]
for _, t := range p.routers {
ok, url := p.geturl(t, "/", controllName, methodName, params)
if ok {
return url
}
}
return ""
}
func (p *ControllerRegistor) geturl(t *Tree, url, controllName, methodName string, params map[string]string) (bool, string) {
for k, subtree := range t.fixrouters {
u := path.Join(url, k)
ok, u := p.geturl(subtree, u, controllName, methodName, params)
if ok {
return ok, u
}
}
if t.wildcard != nil {
url = path.Join(url, url_placeholder)
ok, u := p.geturl(t.wildcard, url, controllName, methodName, params)
if ok {
return ok, u
}
}
for _, l := range t.leaves {
if c, ok := l.runObject.(*controllerInfo); ok {
if c.routerType == routerTypeBeego && c.controllerType.Name() == controllName {
find := false
if _, ok := HTTPMETHOD[strings.ToUpper(methodName)]; ok {
if len(c.methods) == 0 {
find = true
} else if m, ok := c.methods[strings.ToUpper(methodName)]; ok && m == strings.ToUpper(methodName) {
find = true
} else if m, ok = c.methods["*"]; ok && m == methodName {
find = true
}
}
if !find {
for _, md := range c.methods {
if md == methodName {
find = true
}
}
}
if find {
if l.regexps == nil {
if len(l.wildcards) == 0 {
return true, strings.Replace(url, "/"+url_placeholder, "", 1) + tourl(params)
}
if len(l.wildcards) == 1 {
if v, ok := params[l.wildcards[0]]; ok {
delete(params, l.wildcards[0])
return true, strings.Replace(url, url_placeholder, v, 1) + tourl(params)
} else {
return false, ""
}
}
if len(l.wildcards) == 3 && l.wildcards[0] == "." {
if p, ok := params[":path"]; ok {
if e, isok := params[":ext"]; isok {
delete(params, ":path")
delete(params, ":ext")
return true, strings.Replace(url, url_placeholder, p+"."+e, -1) + tourl(params)
}
}
}
canskip := false
for _, v := range l.wildcards {
if v == ":" {
canskip = true
continue
}
if u, ok := params[v]; ok {
delete(params, v)
url = strings.Replace(url, url_placeholder, u, 1)
} else {
if canskip {
canskip = false
continue
} else {
return false, ""
}
}
}
return true, url + tourl(params)
} else {
var i int
var startreg bool
regurl := ""
for _, v := range strings.Trim(l.regexps.String(), "^$") {
if v == '(' {
startreg = true
continue
} else if v == ')' {
startreg = false
if v, ok := params[l.wildcards[i]]; ok {
delete(params, l.wildcards[i])
regurl = regurl + v
i++
} else {
break
}
} else if !startreg {
regurl = string(append([]rune(regurl), v))
}
}
if l.regexps.MatchString(regurl) {
ps := strings.Split(regurl, "/")
for _, p := range ps {
url = strings.Replace(url, url_placeholder, p, 1)
}
return true, url + tourl(params)
}
}
}
}
}
}
return false, ""
}
// Implement http.Handler interface.
func (p *ControllerRegistor) ServeHTTP(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
defer p.recoverPanic(rw, r)
starttime := time.Now()
var runrouter reflect.Type
var findrouter bool
var runMethod string
var routerInfo *controllerInfo
w := &responseWriter{writer: rw}
if RunMode == "dev" {
w.Header().Set("Server", BeegoServerName)
}
// init context
context := &beecontext.Context{
ResponseWriter: w,
Request: r,
Input: beecontext.NewInput(r),
Output: beecontext.NewOutput(),
}
context.Output.Context = context
context.Output.EnableGzip = EnableGzip
// defined filter function
do_filter := func(pos int) (started bool) {
if p.enableFilter {
if l, ok := p.filters[pos]; ok {
for _, filterR := range l {
if ok, p := filterR.ValidRouter(r.URL.Path); ok {
context.Input.Params = p
filterR.filterFunc(context)
if w.started {
return true
}
}
}
}
}
return false
}
// filter wrong httpmethod
if _, ok := HTTPMETHOD[r.Method]; !ok {
http.Error(w, "Method Not Allowed", 405)
goto Admin
}
// filter for static file
if do_filter(BeforeStatic) {
goto Admin
}
serverStaticRouter(context)
if w.started {
findrouter = true
goto Admin
}
// session init
if SessionOn {
context.Input.CruSession = GlobalSessions.SessionStart(w, r)
defer func() {
context.Input.CruSession.SessionRelease(w)
}()
}
if r.Method != "GET" && r.Method != "HEAD" {
if CopyRequestBody && !context.Input.IsUpload() {
context.Input.CopyBody()
}
context.Input.ParseFormOrMulitForm(MaxMemory)
}
if do_filter(BeforeRouter) {
goto Admin
}
if context.Input.RunController != nil && context.Input.RunMethod != "" {
findrouter = true
runMethod = context.Input.RunMethod
runrouter = context.Input.RunController
}
if !findrouter {
if t, ok := p.routers[r.Method]; ok {
runObject, p := t.Match(r.URL.Path)
if r, ok := runObject.(*controllerInfo); ok {
routerInfo = r
findrouter = true
if splat, ok := p[":splat"]; ok {
splatlist := strings.Split(splat, "/")
for k, v := range splatlist {
p[strconv.Itoa(k)] = v
}
}
context.Input.Params = p
}
}
}
//if no matches to url, throw a not found exception
if !findrouter {
middleware.Exception("404", rw, r, "")
goto Admin
}
if findrouter {
//execute middleware filters
if do_filter(BeforeExec) {
goto Admin
}
isRunable := false
if routerInfo != nil {
if routerInfo.routerType == routerTypeRESTFul {
if _, ok := routerInfo.methods[r.Method]; ok {
isRunable = true
routerInfo.runfunction(context)
} else {
middleware.Exception("405", rw, r, "Method Not Allowed")
goto Admin
}
} else if routerInfo.routerType == routerTypeHandler {
isRunable = true
routerInfo.handler.ServeHTTP(rw, r)
} else {
runrouter = routerInfo.controllerType
method := r.Method
if r.Method == "POST" && context.Input.Query("_method") == "PUT" {
method = "PUT"
}
if r.Method == "POST" && context.Input.Query("_method") == "DELETE" {
method = "DELETE"
}
if m, ok := routerInfo.methods[method]; ok {
runMethod = m
} else if m, ok = routerInfo.methods["*"]; ok {
runMethod = m
} else {
runMethod = method
}
}
}
// also defined runrouter & runMethod from filter
if !isRunable {
//Invoke the request handler
vc := reflect.New(runrouter)
execController, ok := vc.Interface().(ControllerInterface)
if !ok {
panic("controller is not ControllerInterface")
}
//call the controller init function
execController.Init(context, runrouter.Name(), runMethod, vc.Interface())
//call prepare function
execController.Prepare()
//if XSRF is Enable then check cookie where there has any cookie in the request's cookie _csrf
if EnableXSRF {
execController.XsrfToken()
if r.Method == "POST" || r.Method == "DELETE" || r.Method == "PUT" ||
(r.Method == "POST" && (r.Form.Get("_method") == "delete" || r.Form.Get("_method") == "put")) {
execController.CheckXsrfCookie()
}
}
execController.URLMapping()
if !w.started {
//exec main logic
switch runMethod {
case "GET":
execController.Get()
case "POST":
execController.Post()
case "DELETE":
execController.Delete()
case "PUT":
execController.Put()
case "HEAD":
execController.Head()
case "PATCH":
execController.Patch()
case "OPTIONS":
execController.Options()
default:
if !execController.HandlerFunc(runMethod) {
in := make([]reflect.Value, 0)
method := vc.MethodByName(runMethod)
method.Call(in)
}
}
//render template
if !w.started && context.Output.Status == 0 {
if AutoRender {
if err := execController.Render(); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
}
}
// finish all runrouter. release resource
execController.Finish()
}
//execute middleware filters
if do_filter(AfterExec) {
goto Admin
}
}
do_filter(FinishRouter)
Admin:
timeend := time.Since(starttime)
//admin module record QPS
if EnableAdmin {
if FilterMonitorFunc(r.Method, r.URL.Path, timeend) {
if runrouter != nil {
go toolbox.StatisticsMap.AddStatistics(r.Method, r.URL.Path, runrouter.Name(), timeend)
} else {
go toolbox.StatisticsMap.AddStatistics(r.Method, r.URL.Path, "", timeend)
}
}
}
if RunMode == "dev" {
var devinfo string
if findrouter {
if routerInfo != nil {
devinfo = fmt.Sprintf("| % -10s | % -40s | % -16s | % -10s | % -40s |", r.Method, r.URL.Path, timeend.String(), "match", routerInfo.pattern)
} else {
devinfo = fmt.Sprintf("| % -10s | % -40s | % -16s | % -10s |", r.Method, r.URL.Path, timeend.String(), "match")
}
} else {
devinfo = fmt.Sprintf("| % -10s | % -40s | % -16s | % -10s |", r.Method, r.URL.Path, timeend.String(), "notmatch")
}
Debug(devinfo)
}
// Call WriteHeader if status code has been set changed
if context.Output.Status != 0 {
w.writer.WriteHeader(context.Output.Status)
}
}
func (p *ControllerRegistor) recoverPanic(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
if err := recover(); err != nil {
if err == USERSTOPRUN {
return
}
if _, ok := err.(middleware.HTTPException); ok {
// catch intented errors, only for HTTP 4XX and 5XX
} else {
if RunMode == "dev" {
if !RecoverPanic {
panic(err)
} else {
if ErrorsShow {
if handler, ok := middleware.ErrorMaps[fmt.Sprint(err)]; ok {
handler(rw, r)
return
}
}
var stack string
Critical("the request url is ", r.URL.Path)
Critical("Handler crashed with error", err)
for i := 1; ; i++ {
_, file, line, ok := runtime.Caller(i)
if !ok {
break
}
Critical(file, line)
stack = stack + fmt.Sprintln(file, line)
}
middleware.ShowErr(err, rw, r, stack)
}
} else {
if !RecoverPanic {
panic(err)
} else {
// in production model show all infomation
if ErrorsShow {
handler := p.getErrorHandler(fmt.Sprint(err))
handler(rw, r)
return
} else {
Critical("the request url is ", r.URL.Path)
Critical("Handler crashed with error", err)
for i := 1; ; i++ {
_, file, line, ok := runtime.Caller(i)
if !ok {
break
}
Critical(file, line)
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
// there always should be error handler that sets error code accordingly for all unhandled errors.
// in order to have custom UI for error page it's necessary to override "500" error.
func (p *ControllerRegistor) getErrorHandler(errorCode string) func(rw http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
handler := middleware.SimpleServerError
ok := true
if errorCode != "" {
handler, ok = middleware.ErrorMaps[errorCode]
if !ok {
handler, ok = middleware.ErrorMaps["500"]
}
if !ok || handler == nil {
handler = middleware.SimpleServerError
}
}
return handler
}
//responseWriter is a wrapper for the http.ResponseWriter
//started set to true if response was written to then don't execute other handler
type responseWriter struct {
writer http.ResponseWriter
started bool
status int
}
// Header returns the header map that will be sent by WriteHeader.
func (w *responseWriter) Header() http.Header {
return w.writer.Header()
}
// Write writes the data to the connection as part of an HTTP reply,
// and sets `started` to true.
// started means the response has sent out.
func (w *responseWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
w.started = true
return w.writer.Write(p)
}
// WriteHeader sends an HTTP response header with status code,
// and sets `started` to true.
func (w *responseWriter) WriteHeader(code int) {
w.status = code
w.started = true
w.writer.WriteHeader(code)
}
// hijacker for http
func (w *responseWriter) Hijack() (net.Conn, *bufio.ReadWriter, error) {
hj, ok := w.writer.(http.Hijacker)
if !ok {
return nil, nil, errors.New("webserver doesn't support hijacking")
}
return hj.Hijack()
}
func tourl(params map[string]string) string {
if len(params) == 0 {
return ""
}
u := "?"
for k, v := range params {
u += k + "=" + v + "&"
}
return strings.TrimRight(u, "&")
}
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