# English-Note **Repository Path**: bruce0419/English-Note ## Basic Information - **Project Name**: English-Note - **Description**: 英语笔记 记录从0到有 - **Primary Language**: Unknown - **License**: Not specified - **Default Branch**: master - **Homepage**: None - **GVP Project**: No ## Statistics - **Stars**: 0 - **Forks**: 1 - **Created**: 2023-09-05 - **Last Updated**: 2023-09-05 ## Categories & Tags **Categories**: Uncategorized **Tags**: None ## README 参考:**[语法体系(重要)](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1r54y1m7gd)** ![](.\images\语法体系.png) # 1.简单句 > 所有句子拆到不能再拆都是:什么怎么样,又称主语+谓语 ## 1.1.谓语动词 > 简单句的五种谓语动词对应五种基本句型(谓语动词:实义动词和系动词,情态动词不能充当谓语) 1. 可以独立完成的动作 主语+**不及物动词** He **sleeps**. 2. 有一个动作的承受者 主语+**单及物动词**+宾语 He **likes** you. 3. 有两个动作承受者 主语+**双及物动词**+间接宾语+直接宾语 He **teaches** you English. 4. 只有一个动作承受者(不同于2) 主语+**复杂及物动词**+宾语+宾语补语 He **considers** you smart. 5. 把这个词后面的信息赋予给前者 主语+**系动词**+主语补语(表语) He **is** tall. He **looks** tall. ### 1.1.1.句子成分 > 同一类句子成分中可能有不同的词类 1. 主语 2. 谓语 3. 宾语 4. 宾语补语:补充宾语信息 He considers you **smart**. 5. 主语补语:补充主语信息 He is tall. He looks **tall**. 6. 定语:修饰主语和宾语 **The little white** rabbit ate **a large** carrot. 7. 状语:修饰动词、形容词 The rabbit ate **quickly**. It is **very** important.(修饰形容词) 8. 同位语:再把主语说一遍 Papa Rabbit, **an English teacher**, eat a carrot. ### 1.1.2.十大词类 1. 名词 表人和物 Papa Rabbit is a **rabbit**. 2. 冠词 说明人和事物 Papa Rabbit is **a** rabbit. 3. 代词 替代人和物 **I** am a rabbit. 4. 形容词 形容人和物 I am a **smart** rabbit. 5. 数词 表数量 I ate **two** carrots. 6. 副词 修饰动词或者形容词等 I ate two carrots **quickly**. 7. 介词 表示和其他词关系的词 l ate two carrots **with** chopsticks. 8. 叹词 表感叹 **Ah**, the carrot is tasty! 9. 连词 连接词和句 l ate two carrots **and** a potato, **because** I was hungry. 10. 动词 参考上面的五种基本句型中的动词 **句子成分vs词类** ![](./images/句子成分vs词类.png) ### 1.1.3.三大本领 > **合称:TAM:时(Tense) 体(Aspect) 气(Mood) ,时间和状态成为时态,自由排列组合有16种时态** + **表示动作的时间**:现在,过去,将来,从过去某个时间点"算将来"(过去将来) + **表示动作的状态**:未说明(一般),完成,进行,不但完成而且继续(完成进行) + **表示动作的假设,情感等**: If I were a rabbit. 虚拟语气,这里用were而不是was暗示 并自己并不是兔子 >**英语的谓语动词本身往往是不能独立完成刚才所说的那些本领,需要助动词来帮助**,例如:吃 Eat + 为了协助它表示吃过了(完成态),就要用到助动词, have, have eaten. + 为了协助它表示正在吃(进行态),就要用到助动词, be, is eating. + 为了协助它表示是"被"吃,就要用到助动词be, is eaten. + 为了协助它表示有能力吃,就要用到助动词can, can eat. + 为了协助它表示有可能吃,就要用到助动词might, might eat. + 为了协助它表示有义务吃,就要用的助动词must, must eat. + 为了协助它表示否定,不吃,就需要用到助动词do, do not eat. 不要把助动词和其他身份(实义动词)弄混淆 ## 1.2.非谓语动词 > 非谓语动词不受主语限制,不具备表达时间和人称的本领(也称非限定动词) > 非谓语动词可以充当除谓语动词外的所有句子成分,取代所有从句,简化句子 > ~~The rabbit like eat carrots.~~ > 为什么不能这样造句呢?其实就是没搞清楚非谓语动词. **谓语动词vs非谓语动词** >谓语动词进行修改可以改为非谓语动词,非谓语动词几乎可以取代所有从句,从而简化句子 >只不过这样的动词就不再具有表示动作时间,状态,语态,语气的功能 > >**谓语动词是句子的核心,而非谓语动词只可能出现在剩下的非核心部分中** > >句子成分:什么+怎么样,其中体现怎么样这个动词,一个简单句中只能有一个就是谓语动词,而剩下的像是动词的动词,都不能重复表达这个概念就是非谓语动词。 > >也解释了为什么两个简单句不能仅仅用逗号连接, >~~I **am** a rabbit, I **eat** carrots.~~ 出现了两个谓语动词,上面所述一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词。①可以改写为并列句,使用连词相连,I am a rabbit, so I eat carrots. 这样知道有两个并列的句子,知道有两个谓语动词;②或者把他变成一个主句,一个从句, Because I am a rabbit, I eat carrots. ### 1.2.1.动词不定式 >不受时间,人称等概念限制:**to + 动词原形** + **To be** or not **to be**, that is the question. (完全不定式) 生存还是毁灭,这是一个问题. + You helped me (**to**) cook the carrot. (裸不定式) 你帮我烧(做菜)了胡萝卜. **(1)不定式作主语** + **To eat** a carrot every day is good for the rabbit. 一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处. (单独看到to eat 不知道是谁吃,什么时候吃,还不能确定所以才是不定式,不受具体的人和时间的限制,就是单纯的再说一天吃一个胡萝卜的概念) + It is goods for the rabbit **to eat** a carrot every day. 一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处 (形式主语) **(2)不定式作宾语** + The rabbit likes **to eat** carrots. 兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜. + I consider it important **to eat** a carrot every day. 我发现每天吃一个胡萝卜很重要. **(3)不定式作宾语补语** + The rabbit expected the wolf **to eat** a carrot. 兔子指望狼吃一根胡萝卜. + 有些谓语动词,**see, find, watch, have make, let** ···,这些使役动词后接宾语,再接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,也就是裸不定式. + Carrots make the rabbit **feel** happy. 胡萝卜使兔子感到快乐. (**4)不定式作定语** + The rabbit has a lot of carrots **to eat**. 兔子有很多胡萝卜要吃. 不定式to eat 做后置宾语修饰carrots. 表示胡萝卜是会被吃的,他们之间是动宾关系. **(5)不定式作状语** + 表原因 I was surprised **to get** a thumbs-up. 我很吃惊(因为)得到一个赞. l was surprised because I got a thumbs-up. (相当于原因状语从句) 我很吃惊,因为有人给我点赞了. + 表目的 I will do anything **to get** a thumbs-up. 我为了得到一个赞会做任何事. I will do anything in order that I get a thumbs-up. (相当于目的状语从句) 为了点赞量我能做出任何事儿. + 表结果 l got enough thumbs-up **to make** another video. 我得到足够的赞,可以去做另一个视频啦! l got enough thumbs-up, so that I made another video. (相当于结果状语从句) 我得到了很多点赞,于是我做了另一个视频. **(6)高级不定时** >把不定式和状态相结合,to + 动词原形 (状态) + to be eating The rabbit seemed **to be eating** a carrot. 这兔子之前似乎在吃一根胡萝卜(的过程中). + to have eaten The rabbit will appear **to have eaten** a carrot. 这兔子之后会看起来像是吃过了一根胡萝卜. + to have been eating ### 1.2.2.动名词 > 动词+ing,就能把动词转化为名词来用,名词可以做的成分,动名词同样可以承担。 **(1)动名词作主语** + **Eating carrots** is healthy for the rabbit. 吃胡萝卜(这个行为)对兔子来说很健康. + **Being handsome** and **being strong** are his nature. 他是帅气的和强壮的(handsome和strong都是形容词,不能做主语,如果变成非谓语就可以做主语,想变成非谓语动词最起码有谓语动词,可以加be,变成非谓语动词being) **(2)动名词作主语补语(表语)** + The rabbit's hobby is **growing carrots**. 兔子的爱好是种胡萝卜. **(3)动名词作定语** + a **sleeping** pill 安眠药,这里作定语修饰药,是为了睡眠用的,也就是 a pill for sleeping(名词). **(4)动名词作宾语** + The rabbit likes **eating carrots**. 兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜 **(5)有些动词后面不可以用不定式** + ~~The rabbit enjoys to eat carrots.~~ The rabbit enjoys eating carrots. 兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜. 类似的动词还有avoid, advise, consider, escape, mind, practice 动词词组有insist on, give up, feel like, put off **(6)介词 + 宾语** >这里宾语不能是谓语动词,只能是非谓语动词(动名词) + The rabbit **is fond of eating** carrots. 兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜. + The rabbit is **looking forward to seeing** the wolf again. 兔子期望再次见到狼.(look forward to 是个短语,句子中的to,不是不定式中的to) **(7)不定式作宾语 vs 动名词作宾语** + The rabbit stopped **to eat** a carrot. 兔子停下(手里的活)去吃―根胡萝卜. (停下手中的活,去作另一件事;去吃胡萝卜) The rabbit stopped **eating** a carrot. 兔子停止吃一根胡萝卜. (停止正在作的事;停止吃胡萝卜) + The wolf forgot **to invite** the rabbit to her party. 狼忘记邀请兔子去她的聚会. (forgot + to 忘记去做) The wolf forgot **inviting** the rabbit to her party. 狼忘记邀请过兔子去她的聚会. (forgot + doing 忘记做过) ### 1.2.3.现在分词 >现在分词不带时间属性,只带状态(现在进行时,里面的时间是由助动词携带,而现在分词携带的进行状态),现在分词基本上相当于形容词 > + a **talking** rabbit (现在分词) 一只说话的兔子 + a **talking** rabbit (动名词) 一只会说话的兔子 **(1)动名词作定语 vs 现在分词作定语** + a **sleeping** pill 一片安眠药,这里的sleeping是动名词,用来说明药片的性质,功能和用途,相当于 a pill for sleeping + a **sleeping** rabbit **≠** a rabbit for sleeping 这里的sleeping是现在分词,相当于一个性形容词,用来修饰兔子的状态,在睡觉,只知道兔子的状态是在睡觉,但是不知道具体的时间 **(2)现在分词作表语** > 我们平时说的用来形容人和物的词,其实都是现在分词,比如 + The rabbit is **smart**. 兔子是聪明的. (形容词) + The rabbit is **charming**. 兔子是有魅力的. (现在分词) + The story is **interesting**. 故事是有趣的. interest 👉 interesting + The game is **exciting**. 游戏是刺激的. excite 👉 exciting + The news is **encouraging**. 新闻是鼓舞人心的. encourage 👉 encouraging **(3)现在分词作宾语补足语** + The wolf saw the rabbit **eating a carrot**. 狼之前看到兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜. **(4)动词不定式作宾语补足语 vs 现在分词作宾语补足语** + The wolf saw the rabbit **eat** a carrot. (动词不定式) 狼之前看到兔子吃了根胡萝卜. (表示一个动作自始至终的过程,强调动作已经发生了) + The wolf saw the rabbit **eating** a carrot. (现在分词) 狼之前看到兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜. (表示动作正在进行中,强调动作进行的状态) **(5)现在分词作状语** >表示时间,原因,条件,结果,让步,目的,方式和伴随情况等 > + **Hearing the news**, the rabbit became excited. 听到这个消息,兔子很激动. (表示时间) When he heard the news, the rabbit became excited. 听到这个消息时,兔子很激动. (时间状语从句) + **Not knowing what to eat**, the rabbit skipped lunch. 不知道吃什么,兔子没吃中饭.(表示原因) Because he didn't know what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch. 听到这个消息时,兔子很激动.(原因状语从句) + 现在分词做状语跟相应的状语从句之间,有一种剪不断理还乱的关系,其实非谓语动词在很大程度上简化了从句,使得句子言简意赅 ### 1.2.4.过去分词 >不自带时间概念,和现在分词一样,只是携带状态 + The rabbit will eat **minced** carrot next week. 兔子下周会吃搅碎的胡萝卜. >**minced (过去分词) 作定语,可以把单个过去分词看做形容词** + a **minced** carrot 一根绞碎的胡萝卜 + a **painted** room 一个漆过了的房间 + an **excited** rabbit 一只激动的兔子 >**过去分词短语修饰名词,要放在名词之后,即后置定语** + The carrot cake **eaten by** the rabbit is delicious. 被兔子吃了的胡萝卜很美味. **(1)过去分词作主语补语(表语)** + The rabbit is **interested** in growing carrots. 兔子对种胡萝卜感兴趣. + sb. is **interested**(过去分词) in doing sth. 有着过去分词的主系表结构,而且这里还有个动名词 **(2)现在分词作主语补语 vs 过去分词作主语补语** + The story is interesting. (**主动**) 故事有趣. 现在分词暗含主动关系,即被描述的是做出动作的人/物,暗含:故事**让**人感到有兴趣 The rabbit is interested. (**被动**) 兔子很感兴趣. 而过去分词暗含被动关系,即被描述的是动作的接受者,暗含:兔子**被**某事某物引起了兴趣 + The rabbit was frightening. (主动) 兔子让人感到害怕. The rabbit was frightened. (被动) 兔子(被事)感到害怕. + l am interesting. (主动) 我是有趣的(我让人感到有趣) l am interested. (被动) 我被某人/某物引起了兴趣. **(3)过去分词作宾语补语** + The rabbit found his carrot **stolen**. 兔子发现他的胡萝卜被偷了. > 分词做状语 1. 前后主语一致 2. 去掉状从主语 & 连词(可留) 3. 从句 v.变分词 4. doing 主动进行/主动一般 5. done 被动完成/被动一般 > 示例 + She felt tired. She went to bed early. + Because she felt tired, she went to bed early. + Feeling tired, she went to bed early. + Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head. ❌(主语不一致) **(4)过去分词作状语** + **Seen** from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful. (表地点) 从山上看,胡萝卜田看上去很美. + **Born** in a rabbit family,the rabbit's only work is growing carrots. (表原因) 由于出生在一个兔子家庭里,兔子的唯一工作就是种胡萝卜. + **Given** another chance,the rabbit would go to the wolf's party. (表条件) 如果再给兔子一次机会,他会去参加狼的聚会. **如何区分现在分词,还是过去分词** > 其实还是看句子中主语到底是主动的含义,还是被动的含义 + **Seen** from the hill, **the carrot field** looks beautiful. 从山上看,胡萝卜田看上去很美. (这里主语胡萝卜田是被看,所以用过去分词) + **Seeing** the carrot field, **the rabbit** ran towards it. 看到胡萝卜田,兔子朝着它跑去. 主语是兔子,兔子主动看到了胡萝卜田 **(4)高级用法 👉 独立主格** >**一个简单句出去核心的谓语动词外,其他的动词转为对应的过去分词或现在分词的用法,称作独立主格** >因为在以上的句子中,现在分词/过去分词是在句中的状语里(并非句子的主语),但是在状语本身里,分词修饰的对象(以上句中的work和weather),隐含了一层"主语"的意味,虽然并不是整句的主语 + The work **finished**(过去分词), the rabbit **went**(谓语动词) home. (简单句) 工作完成后,兔子回家了. (这里的finished过去分词修饰的the work) + The work was **finished**, and/so the rabbit went home. (并列句) 工作完成后,兔子回家了. + After the work was **finished**, the rabbit went home. (从句) 工作完成后,兔子回家了. + The weather **permitting**, the rabbit will go out. 天气允许的话,兔子就出门. + If the weather **permits**, the rabbit will go out. 天气允许的话,兔子就出门. + Being a teacher, I like singing. ~~I being a teacher, I like singing.~~ 我是一个老师,我喜欢唱歌(当前后句子主语一致,省略第一个句子的主语,不算是独立主格,严格来说而是分词做状语) > **使用独立主格** >Because the wolf invited him, the rabbit decided to go to the party. >因为狼邀请了兔子,所以兔子决定去参加聚会了. > >简化句子 > >The wolf **inviting** him, the rabbit decided to go to the party. >因为狼邀请了兔子,所以兔子决定去参加聚会了. >(前半句wolf是主动,所以用主动现在分词inviting,the rabbit decided to go to the party才是主干,而前面The wolf **inviting** him中,invite是由wolf发出的,而不是真正的主语rabbit发出的动作,所以语法上把wolf称为动词invite的**逻辑主语**,而这就是独立主格中的主格;独立指的是wolf是游离于真正主语rabbit之外的,在The wolf **inviting** him中,自立门户,独立了出来,这个独立的主语还不能跟真正的主语相提并论,要不怎么说是独立主格,而不是独立主语呢) > + If the weather permits, the rabbit will go out. (引导条件状语从句) 如果天气允许,兔子就会出门. The weather **permitting**, the rabbit will go out. (独立主格) 如果天气允许,兔子就会出门. + After the work was finished, the rabbit went home. (引导时间状语从句) 工作完成后,兔子回家了. The work **finished**, the rabbit went home. 工作完成了,兔子回家了. + The rabbit is lying in bed and a carrot is still held in his hand. (并列句) 兔子正躺在床上,胡萝卜仍在他手中. The rabbit is lying in bed,a carrot still **held** in his hand.(独立主格) 兔子正躺在床上,胡萝卜仍在他手中. **(5)独立主格** + 名词/代词 + 现在分词 the wolf **inviting** him + 名词/代词 + 过去分词 a carrot **held** in the hand + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式 + 名词/代词 + 名词 + 名词/代词 + 形容词 + 名词/代词 + 副词 + 名词/代词 + 介词短语 + ······ ## 1.3.动词语气 > 主要包含陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气 ![](./images/英语动词语气总结.png) ### 1.3.1.陈述语气 > 描述现实 + The rabbit ate the carrot. + Did the rabbit eat the carrot? ### 1.3.2.祈使语气 > 命令/请求:用第二人称(你),一般现在时,省略主语【你】,并保证动词原 + Rabbit, eat the carrot! + Please, give me a thumbs-up! ### 1.3.3.虚拟语气 >虚拟语气中常用的过去式:will 👉 would;can 👉 could;may 👉 might;shall 👉 should > 虚拟语气里时态后退的模式有点像这种思维方式:要是“早点”……,我“早就”…… + 如果描述你脑中的想象,尤其是和现实相反的,或者说主观的意愿,那么我们就要用动词的虚拟语气 + 主要用于:1.与事实相反的假设,2.表达愿望,请求,建议,命令等(发生在我们脑中的,非现实发生的) > #### 虚拟语气:与事实相反的假设 **(1)描述与现在事实相反** > 条件句:**if + 过去式** > 主句:**would + 动词原形(这里不能用will,因为will表示很确定才能用将来时,这里是假想)** 张三:如果我现在看到那只兔子,我会咬它。 兔子躲到月亮上了,张三不可能咬到,张三描述的是与现实相反的事情,我们就需要用动词的虚拟语气 ~~If I see the rabbit **now**, I **will** bite him.~~ 本应该是正确的条件语气,I see the rabbit 和 will bite him 都是客观描述事实或者很确定在将来会发生的事情,但是结合实际场景(兔子躲到月亮上了,张三不可能咬到兔子)。怎么办呢?咱们就要把动词时间**往过去推一个时间段(如果看见兔子,我“早就”咬它了)**,变成:If I **saw** the rabbit now, I **would** bite him. 出现了saw和would,这里动词是过去式,但并不表示过去时间,也就是说,这句话不是在描述过去发生的事情,而是在描述现在的,没发生的,但是希望发生的事,是一个主观意愿或者说想象的假设,换句话说,只是看见句中出现saw这一个过去式,咱们还不能仅仅根据这一信息来判断这是过去时间。 + If I **saw** the rabbit now, I **would** bite him. 如果我现在看见兔子,我就会咬他 + If I **were** you, I **would give** this video a thumbs-up. 如果我是你,我会给这视频点赞(如果be动词,那么过去式要用were,不管什么人称),因为如果用am表示陈述,表示事实上我就是你,那又怎么能假设呢,不自相矛盾吗 **(2)描述与将来事实相反(可能性很小)** > 条件句:**if + should(shall过去式) + 动词原形** > 主句:**would/should/could/might + 动词原形** 如果将时间改为明天,~~If I see the rabbit **tomorrow**, I **will** bite him.~~ 这本应该是正确的条件语气,但是结合实际场景,张三根本不可能有机会咬兔子,张三只能说:**万一**我看到兔子,我会咬它。这个就表明明天看见兔子机会太小了,也用虚拟语气,和将来事实相反或者说可能性很小,就要使用虚拟语气的另一种说法:描述与将来事实相反(可能性很小)。If I **should see** the rabbit tomorrow, I **would** bite him. + If I **should see** the rabbit tomorrow, I **would** bite him. 如果明天我看见兔子,我会咬它 **(3)描述与过去事实相反** > 条件句:**if + 过去完成时(had + 动词过去分词)** > 主句:**过去将来完成时(would have + 动词过去分词)** 此时张三特别后悔,说道,我要是前几天看到那只兔子就好了,当时就会它. ~~If I **saw** the rabbit a few days ago...~~ 如果这样说,除了时间副词,和描述与现在事实相反的情况一样了吗(如果和现在事实相反,动词虚拟语气要用过去式),**如果和过去事实相反**,动词虚拟语气的变位就是要改成**过去完成时(假设对过去某一点有影响,所以是完成时)**的形式,那么主句也不能说 ~~I **would** bite him~~不然又回到了现在时间,所以主句同样也要改成过去完成时,I would have bitten him. + If I **had seen** the rabbit a few days ago, I **would have bitten** him. 如果我前几天看到那种兔子就好了,当时就会咬它. + If I **had watched** this video before, I **would have aced** my test. 我要是之前就看了这视频,那绝对能考个好成绩. > #### 虚拟语气:表达愿望,请求,建议,命令等 >wish 希望(可能性小),而hope 希望(中性,不表达虚拟语气),would rather 宁愿 >demand 要求,suggest 建议,insist 坚持,order 命令,后面接的虚拟语气一律是should + 动词原形,和wish/would rather不太一样 **(1)表达对现在的愿望** >**对现在的愿望:wish + 动词过去式** + I **wish** (that) I **were** a rabbit. 我希望我是只兔子(虚拟语气使用were,参考上文) + I **wish** you **were** here! 我希望你现在就在这 + I **would rather** that you **didn't eat** the carrot. 我宁愿你(现在/接下来)不会吃那胡萝卜(你还没有吃) + I **demand/suggest/insist/order** that he **~~should~~ give** me a carrot. 我要求/建议/坚持/命令他给我一根胡萝卜(后面接动词原形) **(2)表达对将来的愿望** > **对将来的愿望**:**wish + would/cloud/might/should + 动词原形** + I **wish** (that) I **could eat** the carrot. 我希望我能吃那只胡萝卜 **(3)表达对过去的愿望** > **对过去的愿望**:**wish + had(would have) + 动词过去分词** + I **wish** (that) I **had eaten** the carrot. 我希望我吃了那只胡萝卜 + I **would rather** that you **hadn't eaten** the carrot. 我宁愿你没吃掉那胡萝卜(你已经吃掉了) + I **demanded/suggested/insisted/ordered** that he **~~should~~ give** me a carrot. 我之前要求/建议/坚持/命令他给我一根胡萝卜(后面接动词原形) >虚拟语气可以存在不同类型的从句中 + I **suggest** that you **(should) eat** a carrot. (宾语从句) + It it **suggested** that you **(should) eat** a carrot. (主语从句) + The **suggestion** is that you **(should) eat** a carrot. (主语补语/表语从句) + It it (hight) time that you **ate** a carrot. (定语从句) ## 1.4.时态合集 > 动词时间+动词状态,合称时态 ![](./images/16种时态.png) > 时间轴表示 ![](./images/16种时态时间轴.png) > 缩略图 ![](./images/英语时态缩略图.png) > 常用时态 ![](./images/常用时态.png) ### 1.4.1.一般现在时 > **构成:动词原形 + [s(第三人称单数)]** > 一般现在时,其实跟现在没有什么关系,最常见的情况是表达习惯和客观的事实 **(1)表示事实** + ~~I eat a carrot.~~ 语法没问题,但是表达意思很怪(我吃一根胡萝卜),也不像是表达事实,一般不这样说 + The rabbit **eats** carrots. 兔子吃胡萝卜(没有用冠词a 用的名词复数,表达事实) + The sun **rises** in the east. 太阳从东边升起 + The earth **revolves** around the sun. 地球绕太阳转 **(2)表达习惯/重复的动作** + I **play** basketball. 我打篮球(我有这个习惯) **(3)表示预计发生的事** + The bus **leaves** at 8 PM tonight.(也可以当作事实) ### 1.4.2.现在进行时 > **构成:助动词be的变位(am/is/are) + 动词的现在分词** > 正在进行的动作,加助动词就是为了帮助谓语动词展示出三大本领,动词变成现在分词也是为了三大本领中的态,同时保证了一句话只有一个动词(助动词) >**现在分词**,通常:+ing,现在分词做谓语动词表示进行中的状态,做非谓语动词可以表示形容词 >动词在此基础上改变拼写(方便发音或避免误解,其实英语很多不规则都有不按规则的道理),如: + write 👉 writing,不是~~writeing~~ + hit 👉 hitting,不是~~hiting~~ + die 👉 dying,不是~~dieing~~ > 例句 + I'm having lunch. 我正在吃午饭. + You are watching my video. 你正在看我的视频. ### 1.4.3.现在完成时 > **构成:助动词have的变位(have/has) + 动词的过去分词** >对于现在而言,某个动作已经完成了(没有指出动作具体的开始时间),往往考虑过去的动作对现在的影响,助动词是为了帮助谓语动词展示三大本领,动词变成过去分词也是为了三大本领中的态,同时保证了一句话只有一个动词(助动词) >**过去分词**,通常:+ed,过去分词 ≠ 过去式,谓语动词和非谓语动词过去分词都表示完成状态,不规则变化: + eat(eaten);give(given);see(seen);fall(fallen) + bring(brought);buy(bought);fight(fought);think(thought) + fell(felt);fell(felt);keep(kept);sleep(slept);leave(left) > 例句 + I **have eaten** carrots. 我吃过胡萝卜(言下之意:我曾吃过这种食物,是只见过世面的兔子) + I **have eaten** a carrot. 我吃过了一跟胡萝卜(言下之意:我已经吃了,所以不饿) + The rabbit **has eaten** a carrot. 这兔子到现在为止已经吃了个胡萝卜 + You **have watched** my video. 你到现在为止已经看过了我的视频 ### 1.4.4.现在完成进行时 > **构成:have的变位(have/has) + been(be的过去分词,都是been) + 动词的现在分词** >动作已经持续一段时间了,并且以后还会继续做,是将现在进行时和现在完成时进行融合 > 例句 + I **have been eating** carrots. 我正在吃胡萝卜(不短已经吃了些,还将继续) + The rabbit **has been eating** a carrot. 这兔子到现在为止已经吃胡萝卜一段时间了,还要继续吃 + You **have been watching** my video. 你到现在为止已经看了我时间一段时间,还要继续看 + I **have been thinking** of you. 我到现在已经想你一段时间了,还要继续想 ### ### 1.4.5.一般过去时 > **构成:+动词过去式,各个人称都是一样的** >某个动作在过去是否发生过,往往考虑的是过去的事实 + eat(原形) 👉 ate(过去式)(**为什么要变因为时间变了,谓语动词包含时间的本领**) + I/you/we/she/he/it/they **ate** a carrot yesterday. + ate(过去式) ≠ eaten(过去分词) > 例句 + The rabbit **ate** a carrot. 兔子吃了胡萝卜(只知道这只兔子过去某个时刻吃胡萝卜) + You **watched** my video. 你看了我的视频 > 过去式通常:+ed(和过去分词通常一样),有些动词时不规则变化,如: | 动词原形 | 动词过去式 | 动词过去分词 | | -------- | ---------- | ------------ | | do | did | done | | go | went | gone | | take | took | taken | | | | | | bring | br**ought** | br**ought** | | buy | b**ought** | b**ought** | | fight | f**ought** | f**ought** | | | | | | blow | bl**e**w | blow**n** | | grow | gr**e**w | grow**n** | | know | kn**e**w | know**n** | | | | | | begin | beg**a**n | beg**u**n | | sing | s**a**ng | s**u**ng | | swim | sw**a**m | sw**u**m | | | | | | speak | sp**o**ke | sp**o**k**en** | | choose | ch**o**se | ch**o**s**en** | ### 1.4.6.过去进行时 > **构成:助动词be的变位(was/were) + 动词的现在分词** > 某个动作在过去时间里在进行中的,过去的一段视频 > 现在进行时 👉 过去进行时 + The rabbit **is eating** a carrot. 👉 The rabbit **was eating** a carrot. 这兔子在过去某个时间点处正在吃胡萝卜的过程中 + You **are watching** my video. 👉 You **were watching** my video. 你在过去某个时间点处正在看我的视频的过程中 + I **am thinking** of you. 👉 I **was thinking** of you. 我在过去某个时间点处正在想你 ### 1.4.7.过去完成时 >**构成:助动词have的变位(had) + 动词的过去分词** >主要表达过去(B)对过去(A)的影响(顺序:B A 现在) > 例句 + I **had eaten** 5 carrots for lunch yesterday, so I wasn't hungry at all yesterday afternoon. 这里要表达的意思就是,因为昨天下午的过去(时间点B,也就是昨天午饭时间),我已经吃了一些胡萝卜,对于昨天下午(时间点A)来说,所以B对A有影响,影响就是:我一点都不饿 + He tried to find me yesterday afternoon, but **I had already gone** to Shanghai. 对于他试图找我那个时间点A(昨天下午)来说,A的过去某一点B(可能时昨天上午,或前天,没说明,但是肯定时昨天下午之前)我已经离开了,去上海了,所以B对A有影响,影响就是:他找不到我 > 现在完成时 👉 过去完成时 + The rabbit **has eaten** a carrot. 👉 The rabbit **had eaten** a carrot. 这兔子在过去某个时间点已经吃了跟胡萝卜 + You **have watched** my video. 👉 You **had watched** my video. 你在过去某个时间点已经看过了我的视频 + I **have thought** of you. 👉 I **had thought** of you. 我在过去某个时间点已经想过你了 ### 1.4.8.过去完成进行时 > **构成:助动词have的变位(had) + been(be的过去分词) + 动词的现在分词** > 对于过去某个点,不但已经完成了一部分,而且还要继续进行的动作 > 现在完成进行时 👉 过去完成进行时 + The rabbit **has been eating** a carrot. 👉 The rabbit **had been eating** a carrot. 这只兔子在过去某个时间点已经吃胡萝卜一段时间了,还要在那个时间点之后继续吃一段时间 + You **have been watching** my video. 👉 You **had been watching** my video. 你在过去某个时间点已经看我视频一段时间了,还要在那个时间点之后继续看一段时间 + I **have been thinking** of you. 👉 I **had been thinking** of you. 我在过去某个时间点已经想你一段时间了,还要在那个时间点之后继续想一段时间 ### ### 1.4.9.一般将来时 > **构成:助动词will + 动词原形,各个人称都是一样** > 将来某个时间点发生的动作(说话者十分确定会发生的事),如果不太确定就不能用(需要借助**动词语气**) > 英语多种表达将来时态 + 一般现在时态可以表达将来的动作,如:The bus **leaves** at 8 PM. + 助动词be的变位 + going + to + 动词原形,如:I **am going to eat** a carrot. + 上句的going也可以省略,助动词be的变位 + to + 动词原形,如:You **are to eat** a carrot. + 又或者也可以用借about取代going,即: + about + to + 动词原形,如:I **am about to eat** a carrot. + 最简单的就是will + 动词原形,即:I/you/she/he/it/they **will eat** a carrot. + The sun **will** rise again tomorrow. 太阳明天也会照常升起 + I **will** definitely do my bast to make high-quality videos. 我以后也一定会用尽全力做高质量视频 ### 1.4.10.将来进行时 > **构成:助动词will + be(will已经算是变位过的助动词) + 动词的现在分词,各个人称都是一样** >在将来某个时间,某个动作是在进行的过程中(比一般将来时还要笃定) + I **will be eating** a carrot tomorrow from 1 PM to 3 PM. 我明天1到3点会正在吃胡萝卜 ### 1.4.11.将来完成时态 > **构成:助动词will + have原形(will已经算是变位过了) + 动词的过去分词,各个人称都是一样** >将来完成时表达对将来的影响(比将来进行时更加笃定) > 例句 > + I **will have finished making** the video by 4 PM tomorrow, so I can publish it after that. 这里要表达的意思就是,对于明天下午4点钟那个时间点来说,我在那之前就会完成做视频这个动作,所以对4点钟那时候是有影响的,什么影响呢,4点钟之后我就能够发视频啦. > 现在完成时 👉 将来完成时 + The rabbit **has eaten** a carrot. 👉 The rabbit **will have eaten** a carrot. 这兔子在将来某个时间点已经吃了个胡萝卜 + You **have watched** my video. 👉 You **will have watched** my video. 你在将来某个时间点已经看过了我的视频 + I **have thought** of you 👉 I **will have thought** of you. 我在将来某个时间点已经想过你了 ### 1.4.12.将来完成进行时 > **构成:助动词will + have原形(will已经变位) + been(be的过去分词) + 动词的现在分词,各个人称一样** >现在完成进行时表示现在已经完成,而且还会继续;将来完成进行时表示将来已经完成,而且还会继续 > 例句 + I **will have been eating** carrots for 2 hours by 3 PM tomorrow. 我确定明天下午三点钟时,我不但已经吃了两个钟头胡萝卜(也就是明天下午一点开始吃)而且还要继续吃 > 现在完成进行时 👉 将来完成进行时 + You **have been watching** my video. 👉 You **will have been watching** my video 你在将来某个时间点之前已经看来我视频一段时间了,还要在那个时间之后继续看一段时间 + I **have been thinking** of you. 👉 I **will have been thinking** of you. 我在将来某个时间点已经想你一段时间了,还要在那个时间点后继续想你一段时间 #### ### 1.4.13.一般过去将来时 > **构成:would(will的过去式) + 动词原形,各个人称都是一样;助动词be的变位(was/were) + going to** > 这里的将来是相对于过去的将来,和现在没有什么关系 > 例句 + I said I **would eat** a carrot for lunch. 我(之前)说过我会午饭吃跟胡萝卜(午饭时间对于之前我说那句话的时间来说式在将来,但至于现在午饭时间有没有到,不得而知) + I knew you **would watch** my video. 我(之前)就知道你会看完的视频(你看我视频这件事,对于我做出这个判断的时间来说式在将来) + I said I **was going to** eat a carrot for lunch. 我(之前)说过我会午饭吃跟胡萝卜 **Would的多义** >过去将来时 + I said I **would** eat carrot for lunch. 我之前说过我午饭会吃胡萝卜(will的过去式变位,构成时态) >动词的虚拟语气表达和事实相反 + If I were you, I **would** eat a carrot. 如果我是你,我会吃胡萝卜(构成动词eat的虚拟语气:我不可能是你,所以这里的吃是虚拟动作) > 礼貌用语 + **Would** you pass me the carrot, please? 能请你把胡萝卜递过来吗?(比Will you pass me the carrot?更礼貌) + **Would** you like a carrot for lunch? 你是否午饭想吃胡萝卜?(比Do you want a carrot for lunch?更礼貌) ### 1.4.14.过去将来进行时 > **构成:would(will的过去式) + be助动词原形 + 动词的现在分词,各个人称都是一样** > 例句 + I said I **would be eating** a carrot at 1 PM tomorrow/yesterday. 我之前说我明天下午1点会在吃胡萝卜(我之前说我明天/昨天下午1点会是在吃胡萝卜这个过程中) ### 1.4.15.过去将来完成时 > **构成:would(will的过去式) + have助动词原形 + 动词的过去分词,各个人称都是一样** > 例句 + I said I **would have eaten** a carrot by 1 PM tomorrow/yesterday. 我(之前)说我明天/昨天下午1点会已经吃掉了跟胡萝卜(我之前说我明天/昨天下午1点会已经做完了吃胡萝卜这个过程) ### 1.4.16.过去将来完成进行时 > **构成:would(will的过去式) + have助动词原形 + been + 动词的现在分词,各个人称都是一样** > 例句 + I **said** I **would have been eating** lunch for 2 hours by 1 PM tomorrow/yesterday. 我(之前)说我明天/昨天下午1点前会已经吃了两种头午饭(我之前说我会明天/昨天下午1点时在吃午饭这个过程中,之前吃了两种头,之后还会继续吃) ## 1.5.介词攻略 ### 1.5.1.介词原理 > 介词preposition就是通常放置在名词,代词等之前,用来给它们增添附加信息的词 ![](./images/介词的原理.png) ### 1.5.2.介词构成 + **简单介词** + in:在···里··· + to:朝··· + with:和··· + **短语介词(视作介词;不单独表完整义)** + by way of:通过···方式 + at the end of:在···的最后 + along with:和···一起 + because of:因为··· + previous to:···之前 + **合成介词** + into:到···之内 + onto:到···之上 + within:在···之内 + notwithstanding:尽管 + **分词介词(动词的分词充当)** + including:包括··· + regarding:关于···;至于··· + considering:鉴于···;考虑到 + given:考虑到···;如果··· ### 1.5.3.介词误区 > 英语介词,最忌讳的就是不要找中文介词对号入座,因为这往往是不可能的,因为一个介词往往多个意思 > 例如中文:打人,打字,打雷,打算,打住 >对应英文:hit 42 degrees 达到42°,the idea hit me 明白/意识到,hit the brake 踩刹车 ### 1.5.4.介词诀窍 > 介词的本义表达明确的空间含义;而在这些空间含义的基础上又引申出了非空间含义的衍生含义 > 从介词的本身含义,去推到引申义,并非百分百适用,但这种追本溯源的方法学介词,一定能让你更好理解和记忆介词的多重含义 **多含义** > about:本义的空间含义是在····的外面 > + **关于(外围;有涉及;非核心)** l know something **about** the rabbit. 我知道关于这个兔子的事儿. + **大约(从外大范围大致数数);** There are **about** 20 carrots. 大约有20根胡萝卜. + **针对(从外向内地解决);** Let's do something **about** the problem. 让我们做些事儿解决问题. + **某人某事有某种特性** There's something dangerous **about** the wolf. 狼有点危险的特质.(狼感觉有点危险.) + **到处(在外面来来回回)** Stop running **about**! 别到处跑 **介词混淆区分** > in,on,at都能前置于时间和空间,表达相关含义 + **in: 一般表示在一堆东西中间,或者说上下左右前后都能移动,说明在一个大范围内** + in the city, in the country 因为在城市和国家里能大范围移动 + I'm walking in the street. 如果你要表达在某条街道的范围内移动 + in a year, in the month, in the week 空间感念延申到时间上 + **on:一般表示在···之上,说明有一面确定了,只能在这个平面上移动,自然范围小一点** + There is some trash on the street. 街道的表面上 + on that day, on Monday, On April 1st 空间感念延申到时间上 + **at:通常只能在一个明确的点上** + at the corner, at the shop 角落商店很明确,不会移动 + I'm at Carrot Street and Apple Street. 很明确的点,两条街的交界处 + at 8 o'clock, at that moment 空间感念延申到时间上 >看见hour不一定要用on,一定要想清楚,我们要表达的是一个范围还是具体一个点, >比如说 1小时有60分钟 There are 60 minutes **in** an hour. 范围是相对的 > >为什么是in the morning,morning比day还小啊,当我们使用in the morning这个短语时,通常是表达一个时间段的范围,相当于刚才的There are many hours and minutes in a morning,所以当我说I eat carrots in the morning时,我表达的意思是,我在早晨这个时间范围吃胡萝卜,如果你想要表达的相对明确的一个点,就要说on the morning,比如说 I saw the wolf on the morning of April 1st. 我在4月1日早晨看到了大灰狼,这里要表达意思是,在四月一日早晨这个时间,和一天差不多的范围,所以既然是on that day,自然也有on that morning. > >at noon,之前的上午和之后的下午都是相对的大范围,而noon相对来说是一个点所以才用at ### 1.5.5.空间介词 + **in:在···里面** + in the house. 在房屋里. + in the tree. 有动词进到树里面了 . There are some birds in the tree. 小鸟在树上(进到树里了) + **on:在···上面,物体与物体接触** + on the table. 在桌子上. + on the tree. 长在树上的 . There are some apples on the tree. 树上有一些苹果. + **at:在某处,确定的具体的点** + at the corner. 在街道拐角. + at the bus station. 在车站. + **over:覆盖;在···正上方;越过上空(可以描述动态,而above不可以)** + The mother put a blanket over the child. 妈妈把毯子盖在孩子身上(覆盖:接触) + the bridge over the river. 在河上的桥(在···正上方:不接触) + The rabbit climbed over the fence. 兔子爬过栅栏(越过上空:不接触) + **above:在···上方(高于平面,不可以描述动态)** + the sky above us. 在我们上方的天空. + **under:在···正下方,与over相对,物体与物体可以接触,也可以不接触** + There is a ball under the desk. 桌子下有个球. + **below:在···下方,与above相对,低于某个平面,可以是正下方也可以不是** + The rabbit dived below the surface of the water. 兔子潜入水下. + **near:在···附近;在···周边** + neat the hospital. 在医院附件. + **by:在···旁边,通常与beside、next to可以互换** + There is a hotel by/beside/next to the river. 在河边有个旅馆. + **beside:在···旁边(非空间比较),通常与beside、next to可以互换** + There is a hotel by/beside/next to the river. 在河边有个旅馆. + My carrot looks bigger beside yours. 我的胡萝卜和你的一起看着更大. + **next to:靠近;紧挨着;下一个,通常与beside、next to可以互换** + There is a hotel by/beside/next to the river. 在河边有个旅馆. + **across:从表面穿过** + go across the street. 穿过马路. + swim across the river. 游过河. + **through:从内部穿过** + go through the tunnel. 穿过隧道. + walk through the forest. 穿过森林. + look through the window. 透过窗户看. + **between:在···之间,between···and** + The carrot is between the rabbit and the wolf. 胡萝卜在兔子和狼之间. + **among:在···之间,一般指在三者及更多物体之间,在口语中也会使用between代替among** + The rabbit is standing among the carrots. 兔子站在胡萝卜之间. + **round/around:围绕;环绕** + trees round/around the field. 环绕田地四周的树. + around the world. 世界各地. + **along:沿着;顺着** + Walk along this road. 沿着这条路一直走. + **to:向;朝···** + go to school. 去上学. + **toward/towards:朝着···的方向** + walk toward/towards home. 朝家走. + **onto:到···上面** + The rabbit jumped onto the table. 兔子跳到桌子上. + **into:到···里面** + walk into the house. 走进房子. + **out of:从里面出来** + get out of the car. 从车里出来. + **opposite:在···对面** + Our school is opposite my house. 我们的学校在我家对面. + **against:与···相反;倚,靠** + We were rowing against the current. 我们逆水行舟. + The rabbit was leaning against the tree. 兔子正倚着—颗树. + **up:沿···向上** + up the hill. 上山. + up the river. 沿河流逆流而上. + **down:沿···向下** + walk down the road. 沿着这条路走下去. + roll down the hill. 从山上滚下去. + **off:离···有一定距离** + New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia. 新西兰离澳大利亚东海岸有一些距离. ### 1.5.6.时间介词 > 不少表示时间的介词和他们表示空间的本义用法是对应的 + **in:在···里面,范围相对较大的时间内** + in 2030. 在2030年. + in winter. 在冬季. + in December. 在12月. + **on:在···之上,范围相对较小一些,一般表示在具体的某一天** + on Monday. 在星期一. + on Christmas Day. 在圣诞节. + **at:因为空间范围很小,表示非常确定的时间,一般说几点钟** + at 6 o'clock. 在6点. + at noon. 在中午. + at sunset. 在太阳落山时. + at dawn. 在黎明时分. + at (the age of) 6. 在6岁时. + **during:持续;在···期间** + during the past 2 days. 在过去的2天里. + during the past 2 weeks. 在过去的2周里. + during the past 2 years. 在过去的2年里. + **for:因为···;因···持续。在古英语中是之前;由于,作非时间介词时一般和原因有关** + I've been learning English for 2 years. 我持续学习英语两年时间. + **since:自从** + since last week. 自从上周以来. + **before:在···之前,表示时间(以及次序),很少用于空间的之前** + before Monday. 星期一之前. + before 2020. 在2020年之前. + **after:和before相对,一般表示时间(以及次序),确定信息使用after** + after two years. 两年之后. + I'll eat a carrot after 2 hours. 我2小时后会吃胡萝卜(确定信息) I'll eat a carrot in 2 hours. 我2小时内会吃胡萝卜(不确定信息,也可能一个小时就吃了) + l returned after two hours. 我两小时之后回来了. + **from···to···:从···到···** + from 9:00 to 10:00 + **by:在···附近/旁边;不超过···边界;不迟于···** + by 2 o'clock. 在2点之前. + by tomorrow. 在明天之前. + 在表示时间点之前时,by和before的含义近似,但是before是泛指某个时间点之前,而by相当于限定了一条时间线,更侧重于不超过,不迟于这条时间线. Please finish your homework by 8PM. 请在8点前完成你的作业. Please finish your homework before 8PM. 请在8点前完成你的作业(更强调8点是截至时间,不能在迟) + **until:直到···为止** + until 8 o'clock. 直到8点为止. ### 1.5.7.方式介词 > 从介词的本义联想到引申义 + **in:···方式;在···里面** + Let's talk in English. 让我们用英语对话(说的话写的字,都是在英语里面) + **through:通过···方式;从内部穿过** + we succeed through hard work. 我们通过努力工作而成功(本义是从内部穿过,引申出通过) + **by:通过···;在···旁边** + We learn English by watching videos. 我们通过看视频学英语(本义在···旁边,引申出离不开,依靠) + l go to work by car. 我开车去上班(我依靠汽车这个交通方式去上班) + **with:用···;和···一起** + We write with pens. 我们用笔写字(我们和笔一起完成这个行为) + **on:在···上面,方式介词接通讯设备比较多** + We talked on the phone. 我们通过电话进行了交谈(本义在···上面,想想online, 线上就能明白了) ### 1.5.8.原因介词 + **for:因为···;由于···** + This rabbit is famous for being able to speak. 这只兔子因会说话出名. + **with:和···一起;···是和···分不开的原因** + The rabbit is shaking with cold. 兔子冷得发抖(冷和发抖对于兔子来说分不开的,也是在阐述原因) + **because of/ due to/ owing to/ on account of + 名词:因为···,这几个是固定搭配** + The rabbit didn't go out because of the rain. 因为下雨,兔子没出去. ### 1.5.9.关于介词 + **about:在···外面;关于** + Could you tell me something about your school? 你能给我讲一些关于你学校的的事情吗? + **of:此外的;附加的** + He thought of something important. 他想起了一些重要的事情. + think of仅仅是想起了····,而think about是想到关于···的事. + **on:在···上面,关于** + Would you like some advice on learning English? 你想要些关于学习英语的建议吗?(在学习英语事上) ### 1.5.10.数值介词 + **at:在某处,从空间的某个点引申而来** + at a hight price.在一个高的价格(点) + at a fast rate. 以一个很快的速率(点) + **by:后接度量标准** + They get paid by the hour. 他们按小时拿报酬(本义旁边,引申为相关,某种属性) + **for:以···的价钱** + l bought these books for 100 Yuan. 我买这些书花了100元(也可以理解为表原因) ### 1.5.11.状态介词 + **in:在···里;在···状态中** + in progress. 在进行(状态)中. + in a dilemma. 处于进退两难的境地中 + **on:在···之上;受到之下···的支持(的状态)** + on a diet. 在节食(在节食支持的状态) + on drugs. 吃药(在药物支持的状态) + **at:在某处;在某个状态** + at work. 在工作(工作的地点/状态) + at dinner. 在吃完饭(吃饭的地点/状态) + **under:在···下面;在(前提)下** + under construction. 在施工中(在施工器具之下) + under discussion. 在讨论中(在某个前提或者说共识之下) ### 1.5.12.排除介词 + **besides:除了···还** + l like many things besides carrots. 除了胡萝卜,我还喜欢很多东西. + **except:除了(从整体种剔除出去)** + Everyone went to the party except the rabbit. 大家都去了聚会,除了兔子. + **except for:除了,通常用来对之前的内容进行反驳(相当于说美中不足的是···)** + The party is great except for the loud music.聚会很棒,除了嘈杂的音乐. ### 1.5.13.介词短语 > 介词短语:介词 + 宾语 ![](./images/介词短语.png) **介词短语意思已经完整,可以充当各个句子成分** + 主语:**Between 10 and 11** is a good time for me. 10点到11点间适合我. + 主语补语:The meeting is **at 2 o'clock**. 会议在2点钟. + 定语:This is the key **to the house**. 这是房子的钥匙. + 宾语补语:l found the carrot **in good condition**. 我发现那个胡萝卜保存完好. + 状语(最常见):修饰动词,描述动作的时间,地点,方式等等 The rabbit ate a carrot **at noon**. 中午,兔子吃了一根胡萝卜. The rabbit is eating a carrot **in the kitchen**. 兔子正在厨房里吃一根胡萝卜. The rabbit likes traveling **by car**. 兔子喜欢乘车出游. ### 1.5.14.固定搭配 > 这些所谓的固定搭配不是绝对的,具体的语境往往还会决定到底用哪个介词最合适,这也解释了从介词本源的空间含义去理解引申义的重要性 + **need for:需要···** + ~~need of~~ + ~~need in~~ + ~~need on~~ + ~~need from~~ + **long for:渴望** + ~~long of~~ + ~~long in~~ + ~~long on~~ + ~~long from~~ + **ready for:准备** + ~~ready of~~ + ~~ready in~~ + ~~ready on~~ + ~~ready from~~ + **动词 + 介词,短语动词 ,营造出看似完全无关的全新单词(难点,需要时间积累)** + ![](./images/短语动词.png) # 2.并列复合句(复合句) > 句子简单的叠加,属于并列关系,简单句和简单句用连词连在一起,不分主次 >例如,and、so、for、but + The rabbit was hungry, **so** it ate the carrot. 兔子很饿,所以他吃了胡萝卜 + You must really like me, **for** you have given all my videos a thumbs-up. 你肯定很喜欢我英语兔,因为你给我所有视频都点赞啦. # 3.主从复合句(复杂句) > 一个句子(从句)套在另一个句子(主句),属于从属关系,从句可以充当所有句子的成分 > 从句充当宾语就是宾语从句 + I saw **that the rabbit ate a carrot**. 我看见兔子吃了一根胡萝卜 ## 3.1.形容词从句(定语从句、关系从句) >对物体进行描述,有形容词性质,称作形容词从句;它也在句中充当定语句子成分,称作定语从句 >a **carrot** **that** I bought > 先行词 关系词 **中英思维方式差异 - 关于形容词(句子)** > 单个形容词修饰名词【形容词(单个) + 名词】;但是句子做形容词时【名词 + 关系词 + 形容词(句子)】 + 中国:这兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜. ~~The rabbit is eating a I bought carrot~~. + 英国:这兔子在吃一根**胡萝卜**([**胡萝卜的关系词**]我买). The rabbit is eating a **carrot**([**that**] I bought). ### 3.1.1.形容词从句的思维方式 + 一根**好吃的**胡萝卜 a **tasty** carrot + 一根**兔子吃了的**胡萝卜 a carrot **that the rabbit ate** + 一个**是兔子的**老师 a teacher **who is a rabbit** + 一个**我昨天看见的**老师 a teacher **whom I saw yesterday** + **兔子吃胡萝卜的**地方 the place **where the rabbit ate the carrot** + **兔子吃胡萝卜的**原因 the reason **why the rabbit ate the carrot** ### 3.1.2.形容词从句的构成 + 关系代词引导的形容词从句 + 关系副词引导的形容词从句 **定语从句的引导词按照先行词的种类分类,共分5类,只有8个引导词** + 人:who whom whose + 物:that which whose + 时间:that which when + 地点:that which where + 原因:that which why **谁决定引导词的用法** + 先行词(用来缩小范围) + 引导词在从句中能够充当的成分(缺成分用that补充,不缺用副词),共同决定了定语从句的引导词的用法 **举例** + I will never forget the day **when** I met you. + I will never forget the day **that** we spent. + You had better have some reason **why** you are late. + You had better have some reason **that** sounds perfect. **(1)关系代词引导的形容词从句** > 关系代词(that, who, whom, whose, which)所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分 + 下面第一句中that关系词代替I bought,起代词的作用 + The rabbit is eating a carrot **that** I bought. + The teacher **who** ate a carrot is a rabbit. + The teacher **whom** I saw yesterday is a rabbit. + The teacher **whose** favorite food is carrot is a rabbit. + The food **which/that** the teacher likes is a carrot. > that vs which:that先行词是唯一的,which先行词是多选一 + The rabbit ate **the largest** carrot that I've ever seen. 兔子吃的是我见过最大的胡萝卜 + The rabbit ate a carrot **which** I bought. 兔子吃的是我买的那一根(世界上所有胡萝卜 吃的我买的) + The rabbit ate a carrot **that** I bought. 这里which替换that也是对的,我买的 > 如何区分用which还是that? + 如果连提问都不用知道对象是谁,只能用that + 如果你还可以问which one are you talking about?,那么就可以用which或者that **(2)关系副词引导的形容词从句** > 关系副词(when, where, why, that)可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语(修饰动词) > + 下面第一句中where the rabbit ate the carrot修饰place,起副词的作用 + This was the **place where the rabbit ate the carrot**. + This is the **reason why the rabbit ate the carrot**. + That was the **day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time**. **(3)关系副词转成关系代词** > 关系副词 = 介词 + which + This was the place **where** the rabbit ate the carrot. This was the place **at which** the rabbit ate the carrot. + This is the reason **why** the rabbit ate the carrot. This is the reason **for which** the rabbit ate the carrot. + That was the day **when** the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time. That was the day **on which** the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time. ### 3.1.3.限定性 vs 非限定性 **(1)限定性形容词从句** >形容词从句/定语从句的主要功能:限定范围 > + The rabbit ate the carrot **which was on the table**. 兔子吃的是桌子上的那根胡萝卜(限定carrot的范围,有好多胡萝卜,但兔子只是吃的其中的一根,哪一根,在桌子上的那一根,这样的从句属于限定性形容词从句) **(2)非限定性形容词从句** >没有限定的作用,只不过用了个代词接着说话,补充信息而已 + The rabbit ate the carrot**, which** was on the table. 兔子吃胡萝卜,桌子上的那个(补充信息) = The rabbit ate the carrot**, the carrot** was on the table. = 兔子吃胡萝卜,胡萝卜在桌子上 >非限定形容词从句因为补充的特点经常用做插入语,插入语直接去掉不影响句意 + My head, **which is big**, is useful when it rains. 我有大头,下雨不愁 + The biggest carrot, **which the rabbit ate**, was on the table. 最大的胡萝卜在桌上,兔子吃了它 > 非限定形容词从句也可以代替整句话 > + **The rabbit ate the carrot**, **which** was not surprising. 兔子吃胡萝卜,兔子吃胡萝卜这件事并不意外 **(3)限定性形容词从句 vs 非限定性形容词从句** + I have a head **which** is round. 我有一个圆的头 + I have a head**, which** is round. 我有一个头,它是圆的 + 限定非限定指的是英文中的先行词(头),而非中文的句意。非限定中逗号后面的句子是解释补充说明这个先行词,中文翻译过来恰恰是限定这个先行词(头),所以可能会有误解 ## 3.2.名词性从句 > 名词从句包含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、宾语补语从句,相当于一个大名词 **名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分类,一共把引导词分为三类** > 并且英语中所有的从句都一定是陈述句的形式,也就是引导词+主语+谓语[+宾语] + that:当从句是陈述句时,并且that不充当任何成分,也没有任何意思 + whether:当从句是一般疑问句时,并且whether在从句中也补充当成份,意思是"是否" + 所有的特殊疑问词:当从句是特殊疑问句时,不用加 ### 3.2.1.主语从句 >句子主语由从句充当,主语以引导词开始,主语除去引导词剩下的词序和中文基本一致 **(1)确定信息做主语从句** + **That the rabbit ate a carrot** is obvious. 兔子吃了胡萝卜,这是明显的(That从属连词 引导词) **(2)不确定信息做主语从句** >在问句中:疑问代词/疑问副词,这里做引导词叫连接代词/连接副词 + **Whether** the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. + **Where** the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. + **When** the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. + **How** the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious. + **Who** ate the carrot is obvious. + **What** the rabbit ate is obvious. **(3)形式主语** > 上方的句子会出现说了很长才出现关键信息,母语人士通常使用下方的形式主语 + **That the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening** is obvious. 显得头重脚轻,母语人士很少这样说话,可以改为 + **It** is obvious **that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening**. 这里的It不是平时指代物体的代词"它",而是指代后面的从句,本身没有实际意义,所以被称为形式主语 >将引导词开始主语从句改为形式主语 + **That the rabbit ate a carrot** is obvious. It is obvious **that the rabbit ate a carrot**. + **That the rabbit ate a carrot** happened. It happened **that the rabbit ate a carrot**. + **Whether the rabbit ate the carrot** is obvious. It is obvious **whether the rabbit ate the carrot**. + **Where the rabbit ate the carrot** is obvious. It is obvious **where the rabbit ate the carrot**. + **When the rabbit ate the carrot** is obvious. It is obvious **when the rabbit ate the carrot**. + **How the rabbit ate the carrot** is obvious. It is obvious **how the rabbit ate the carrot**. + **Who ate the carrot** is obvious. It is **obvious who ate the carrot**. + **What the rabbit ate** is obvious. It is obvious **what the rabbit ate**. ### 3.2.2.宾语从句 **(1)确定信息做宾语从句** + I saw **that the rabbit ate a carrot**. 我看见这兔子吃了跟胡萝卜 **(2)不确定信息做宾语从句** + I saw **whether** the rabbit ate the carrot. + I saw **who** ate the carrot. + I saw **what** the rabbit ate. + I saw **where** the rabbit ate the carrot. + I saw **when** the rabbit ate the carrot. + I saw **how** the rabbit ate the carrot. **(3)注意点** > 从句的引导词基本都在从句的开头,而其他的词遵照正常的陈述语序,基本也和中文一样 >看到 whether who what where when how,不一定是包含疑问代词/副词的问句 + You told me whether ~~does~~ the rabbit eat the carrot. + You told me where ~~does~~ the rabbit eat the carrot. + You told me when ~~does~~ the rabbit eat the carrot. + You told me how ~~does~~ the rabbit eat the carrot. **(4)引导词that的省略** > 在口语或非正式书面语中,有些宾语从句的引导词that可以省略,其他引导词不可以 + I knew (**that**) the rabbit ate a carrot. 我知道这兔子吃了胡萝卜 + I think (**that**) the rabbit is smart. 我认为这兔子很聪明 **(5)宾语从句的否定** > 否定加在谓语动词前,而非从句中 + I **don't** think (that) the rabbit is smart. ~~I think(that) the rabbit isn't smart.~~ + I **don't** believe (that) you will give me some coins. ~~I believe(that) you won't give me some coins.~~ + I **don't** expect (that) you will give this video a thumbs-up. ~~I expect (that) you won't give this video a thumbs-up.~~ **(6)主从时态一致** > 动词的时态保持一致,只有不变的客观现象才是例外 + I **don't** think (that) **you're** right. + I **didn't** think (that) you **were** right. + I **knew** (that) the rabbit **liked** carrots. + I **knew** (that) the sun **rises**(~~rose~~) in the east. **(7)be + 形容词 + that** + l am sure **that there's a carrot on the table**. + l am happy **that there's a carrot on the table**. + l am afraid **that there's no carrot on the table**. ### 3.2.3.表语从句(主语补语) >主语 + 系动词 + 表语(主语补语) + I am **a rabbit**. + The carrot tastes **good**. **(1)表语从句(系动词:be动词)** + The problem is **that the rabbit is hungry**. + The reason is **that there's no more carrot**. + The question is **whether the rabbit is hungry**. + The question is **what the rabbit should eat**. + The question is **where/when/how the rabbit should eat the carrot**. **(2)表语从句(系动词:非be动词)** > 例如fell, seem, look, taste这样的系动词 > + It seems **that the rabbit is hungry**. + It feels **that you're not telling the truth**. ### 3.2.4.同位语从句 > My teacher, **Papa Rabbit**, likes carrots. > 同位语就是用不同的方式把同一个概念再说一遍,用逗号隔开,但从句中有引导词也就不用逗号隔开 + The fact **that the rabbit ate the carrot** did not surprise me. 兔子吃了胡萝卜这个事实并没让我吃惊. + The question **whether the rabbit will eat the carrot** is on all our minds. 兔子是否会吃胡萝卜这个问题萦绕在我们所有人心中. + I have no idea **who ate the carrot**. 我不知道谁吃了那胡萝卜. + I am sure of the fact **that there's a carrot on the table**. 我确定桌上有跟胡萝卜这件事. ### 3.2.5.宾语补语从句 + You can call me Papa Rabbit. 你可以叫我兔老爹 You can call me **what you like**. 你可以叫我你想叫的 + My education made me smart. 我的教育造就了我聪明 My education made me **who I am today**. 我的教育造就了我今天是这个人 ## 3.3.副词性从句(状语从句) > 副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以来补充说明动词、形容词、其他副词等,从句子成份上说充当了句子的状语,所以也叫状语从句 ### 3.3.1.时间副词从句 **(1)在某一时间点之前,引导词:before** + The rabbit ate a carrot at home **before the wolf stopped by**. 大灰狼串门之前,兔子吃了根胡萝卜. + **Before the wolf stopped by,** the rabbit ate a carrot at home. 大灰狼串门之前,兔子吃了根胡萝卜(从句在主句前,需要加上逗号) **(2)在某一时间点之中(当时),引导词:when, while, as** + The rabbit was eating a carrot **when I reached home**. 我到家的时候,兔子在吃胡萝卜. + The rabbit was eating a carrot **while I was making a video**. 我做视频的过程中,兔子在吃胡萝卜. + I ate a carrot **as I made the video**. 我一边吃胡萝卜一边做视频. + **When**:时间点,突然 The rabbit was eating a carrot at home **when** the wolf stopped by. 兔子在家吃胡萝卜的时候(突然)大灰狼来串门了. The rabbit was about to eat a carrot at home **when** the wolf stopped by. 兔子在家刚要吃胡萝卜的时候(突然)大灰狼来串门了. + **While**:时间段 The rabbit was eating a carrot **while** I was making a video. 我做视频的过程中,兔子在吃胡萝卜. + **As**:同时 l ate a carrot **as** I made the video. 我—边吃胡萝卜一边做视频. **(3)在某一时间点之后,引导词:after** + The rabbit ate a carrot **after** the wolf stopped by. 大灰狼串过门之后,兔子吃了根胡萝卜. **(4)从之前某一时间点开始算,引导词:since** > 从某时间点算起,往往暗示了对之后有影响,这样情况使用完成时 + The rabbit has shared three carrots **since** the wolf stopped by. 自从大灰狼来串门,兔子已经分享了三根胡萝卜了. **(5)直到在之后的某一时间点,引导词:until** + The rabbit waited **until** the wolf stopped by. 兔子一直在等,直到大灰狼来串门. + The rabbit didn't eat any carrot **until** the wolf stopped by. 兔子直到大灰狼来串门才吃了胡萝 **(6)一····就····,引导词:as soon as** + The rabbit will eat a carrot **as soon as** the wolf leaves. 大灰狼一离开兔子就要吃一个胡萝卜. **(7)下次····,引导词:the next time** + The rabbit will share the biggest carrot **the next time** the wolf stops by. 下次大灰狼来串门,兔子会一起分享最大的胡萝卜. ### 3.3.2.地点副词从句 > 引导词:where + 强调形式(wherever不管哪里, everywhere所有地方,anywhere任何地方) > + The rabbit ate the carrot **where he found it**. 兔子在找到胡萝卜的地方吃了它 (地点副词从句直接等于地点) + The rabbit ate the carrot at the **place** where he found it. 这句话是定语(形容词)从句,从句修饰先行词place > 只看见where引导词不能确定是哪种从句 > + The rabbit ate the carrot **where he found it**. 地点副词状语从句(副词从句直接等于地点) + The rabbit ate the carrot at the place **where he found it**. 形容词从句(从句修饰先行词place) + This is **where he found the carrot**. 表语从句 + **Where he found the carrot** is a secret. 主语从句 > 其他引导词的使用 + The rabbit will go **where** he can find a carrot. + The rabbit will go **wherever** he can find a carrot. 强调:不管哪里 + The rabbit sees a carrot **everywhere** he goes. 强调:所有地方 + The rabbit can eat a carrot **anywhere** he likes. 强调:任何地方 ### 3.2.3.比较副词从句 **(1)比较副词从句:"更···"** + He is smarter **than me**. (口语) He is smarter **than l am**. + This carrot is bigger **than that one**. (口语) This carrot is bigger **than that one is**. **(2)比较副词从句:"同样得···"** + He is **as** smart **as** l am. (口语) He is **as** smart **as** me. + She is **as** beautiful **as** Snow White. (口语) She is **as** beautiful **as** Snow White is. **(3)比较副词从句:"越···越..."** + **The more** you practice English, **the more** fluent you become. 你越多练习英语,你就越流利 + **The more** coins you give me, **the more** videos I make. 你投币越多,我做的视频也越多 ### 3.3.4.条件副词从句 **(1)if引导词** + **If** the rabbit sees a carrot, he **will** eat it. If引导了从句,使用的是一般现在时,之后是主句用一般将来时,有人会说这就是”~~主将从现~~“,其实并没有这一种固定的说法,If l saw a carrot, I would eat it. If I had seen a carrot, I would have eaten it.按照这两句(虚拟语气),那么是不是还会有”~~主过去将来从过去~~“、”~~主过去将来完成从过去完成~~“?那么到底为什么说”主将从现“呢? + ”~~主将从现~~“,中的现,往往指的不是现在的时间,而是一般的状态(简单的,默认的,普通的)。If I see a carrot... 这真的是明确在将来发生的事吗?如果真确定了,干嘛还用”如果“,这不是自相矛盾吗。英语的将来时态指的是非常确定会发生的事儿,I will eat a carrot. 是我确定我将来会吃跟胡萝卜,所以用一般将来时,而If I see a carrot...这个条件并不确定是否会形成,所以条件只能用一般状态,而不是~~If I will see a carrot~~... > 条件句总是比主句在时间上落后一个时间段,这也可以应用于虚拟语气。 + If l **saw** a carrot, l **would** eat it. + If l **had seen** a carrot, l **would have eaten** it. **(2)unless引导词** + **If** you like this video, you **will** give it a thumbs-up. 如果你喜欢这个视频,你会给它点赞. + **If** you don't like this video, you **will** not give it a thumbs-up. 如果你不喜欢这个视频,你不会给它点赞. + **Unless** you like this video, you **will** not give it a thumbs-up. 除非你喜欢这个视频,你不会给它点赞. **(3)provided, as long as, in case其他引导词** + **Provided** that my video is excellent, you **will** give it a thumbs-up. 如果我的视频很棒,你会给它点赞. + **As long as** I make excellent videos, you **will** remain my follower. 只要我一直做高质量视频,你就会继续关注我. + **In case** you don't understand, please comment below. 如果你不明白,请在下方评论. ### 3.3.5.让步副词从句 > 和条件副词从句有些相同的地方,都是某种情况/做出某种假设,但让步副词从句接下来会更进一步,做出一个相反/相对的阐述,最常见的是即使/就算···也···,所以才有让步这一说 **(1)假设** + **Even** if l see a carrot, I **will** not eat it. 即使我看到了一根胡萝卜,我也不会吃它(这里的Even去掉,句子照样通顺,只不过加了even就有了让步的意思,就算我看见胡萝卜这个情况,我也会做出一个在这个情况下相反的动作,即不吃它) **(2)事实** + **Although** I see a carrot, I **will** not eat it. 尽管我看到了一根胡萝卜,但我不会吃它(尽管我看到了一根胡萝卜是事实,但我还是不会吃它。虽然中文翻译是尽管...但...,但是英文中不会添加but,因为我们这里是复杂句,加上but就有了复合句,有复合句有复杂句就混乱了, ~~Although l see a carrot, **but** l will not eat it.~~) **(3)未知情况** + **No matter** what happens, I **will** not eat the carrot. 不管什么事会发生,我都不会吃这胡萝卜. + **No matter** who orders me, I **will** not eat the carrot. 不管谁命令我,我都不会吃这胡萝卜. + **No matter** how hungry I am, I **will** not eat the carrot. 不管我有多饿,我都不会吃这胡萝卜. + **Regardless of** what kind of video l make, you **will** give me a thumbs-up. 不管我做什么样的视频,你都会给我点赞. ### 3.3.6.方式副词从句 > 最常见的方式副词从句 > + 好像某事发生过的方式 + 好像某事正在发生的方式 **(1)假象某事发生过的方式** >l feel good **as** if l just ate a carrot. >我感觉良好,就好像我刚吃了根胡萝卜—样. + 方式副词从句:**主句直接交代发生的情况,根据主句发生的情况用从句提出一个与事实相反的假设** I feel good **as** if I just ate a carrot. 我感觉良好,就好像我刚吃了根胡萝卜—样. You spend (so much) money **as** if you were a millionaire. 你花了很多钱,就好像你是百万富翁. + 虚拟语气:**因为假设的条件并非事实,我感觉良好这种情况也并未发生,句子的情况都未发生** If I **had eaten** a carrot, I **would** feel good. 如果我刚才吃了根胡萝卜的话,我现在就会感觉良好. If you **were** a millionaire, you **would** spend a lot of money. 如果你是百万富翁,你会花很多钱. **(2)正在发生的方式** >正在发生的某种方式,描述了某种情况,并不是假设 + Eat the carrot **as** I do. 像我—样吃胡萝卜. + Leave the carrot **as** it is. 别动这胡萝卜(像这胡萝卜原本那样,别碰它) >真的包含”方式“这个词的形容词从句表达 + You spend money the way (in which) millionaires do. + Eat the carrot the way (in which) I eat it. ### 3.3.7.原因副词从句 > 原因副词从句、目的副词从句、结果副词从句都是表达了某种因果,即 A 👉 B > ~~Because the rabbit was hungry, so he ate the carrot.~~ >中文中使用【因为···所以···】,但英文中不能这样说【Because ···, so ···】,**because**引导从句,所以主句前什么也不用加,构成复杂句;而**so**是用来构成一个复合句的连词,如果两者都用复杂句和复合句就混淆了, > 除了because引导从句,还可以用since、as,他们有什么区别的 + 从因果或者从语气上来说,because > since > as + 语序的区别because引导的从句可以放在主句前后都可以,而since/as引导的从句一般只能放在主句之前 **(1)because:常用在实实在在的因果关系** + The rabbit ate the carrot **because he was hungry**. 兔子吃了胡萝卜,因为他饿了. + **Because this video is excellent**, you should give it a thumbs-up. 因为这视频很棒,所以要点赞. **(2)since:常用在大家都知道的情况(这里since不是时间某个点开始,而是介绍某个原因)** + **Since you are hungry**, you can eat the carrot. 既然你饿了,你可以吃这胡萝卜 . + **Since all my videos are excellent**, you should give this video a thumbs-up. 众所周知,英语兔只出精品,所以要点赞. **(3)as:引出的是显而意见的事实** + **As you were not here**, we ate the carrot without you. 因为你之前不在这儿,所以吃胡萝卜没带你一个. + **As l have thick skin**, I'm begging you for a thumbs-up. 显而易见我脸皮很厚,所以求你点赞. **(4)for 也可以表达类似意思的句子,但是这里是复合句,不是复杂句** + You must really like me, **for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up**. 你肯定很喜欢我英语兔,因为你给我所有视频都点赞啦. **(5)because vs for** + **Because you like me**(原因), you have given all my videos a thumbs-up(结果). 因为你喜欢我,所以你给所有英语兔视频都点赞了. (因为你喜欢我,所以点赞了,由原因推测出结果) + You must really like me(推测的结果), **for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up**(这么推测的原因). 你一定喜欢我,因为你给所有英语兔视频都点赞了. (推测的结果:你喜欢我,这么推测的原因:你给所有视频都点赞了,由推测的结果,引出推测的原因,和because是很不同的用法) ### 3.3.8.目的副词从句 > 经常使用can、could、may、might、should、would,这样能更好体现目的性 > 目的("A") 从句 👈 事件("B")主句:因为要达到目的A(从句),所以作了B(主句) + In order that I **could** finish the video in time(目的 从句), l pulled an all-nighter(事件 主句). 为了及时完成视频,我熬夜不睡(肝视频). + 基本等于下方 + l pulled an all-nighter(事件 主句) **so that** I could finish the video in time(目的 从句). 我熬夜不睡(肝视频),就为了及时完成视频. (so that 不可以放在句首) ### 3.3.9.结果副词从句 **(1)也可以用so that 构成结果副词从句,解释说明主句的情况,是主句动作产生的结果** + l ate a lot of carrots for lunch **so that** I wasn't hungry at all in the afternoon(表结果). 我中午吃了很多胡萝卜,所以下午一点也不饿 + The temperature was low **so that** the lake froze(表结果). 气温很低,所以湖结冰了. + l ate **so** many carrots for lunch **that** I felt sick afterwards. 我吃了那么多胡萝卜,导致(结果是)我之后感到不舒服. **(2)so 因此是;结果是,这里是属于复合句,并不是复杂句,两个同等地位的句子** + l like this video, **so** I'll give it a thumbs-up. 我喜欢这个视频,因此点赞了