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README
GPL-3.0

Embedded

本项目是 2012 年出版的《专业嵌入式软件开发:全面走向高质高效编程》一书的配套代码(购书请发邮件给作者),旨在帮助读者成为高效且高质量的(嵌入式和非嵌入式)程序员。当年实践书中的代码需要安装 VMware 虚拟机软件,并运行在 32 位的 Linux 操作系统上。十多年后的今天,随着 Windows 操作系统从 Windows 10 开始支持 WSL(Windows Subsystem for Linux),安装 VMware 虚拟机软件已成为过去式,本项目中的代码也已升级为运行在 64 位的 Linux 操作系统上。

《专业嵌入式软件开发》封面

对于程序员来说,最好的学习方法是“做中学”,因此本项目的设计与实现充分考虑了这一点。例如:

  • 为了帮助读者深入理解实时操作系统的原理,编写了一个可以在 Linux 上运行的操作系统 ClearRTOS,从源代码级别帮助读者掌握任务(task)、队列(queue)、信号量(semaphore)、互斥锁(mutex)、事件组(event group)、定时器(timer)等核心概念。
  • 从工具和流程的工程方法论层面,示范了如何打造高效且高质量的开发环境。通过无缝整合单元测试、静态分析、动态分析、性能分析等工具,帮助读者提升工作效率和代码质量。

准备环境

Windows 10(及以上)

1)安装 Windows 终端(Windows Terminal)

请从 这里 下载最新的绿色软件包,解压后直接运行即可。Windows 终端 相比 Windows 自带的 Command PromptWindows PowerShell 更好用(例如,支持 Ctrl + +/- 缩放界面字体),因此推荐安装使用。

注意:此步骤为可选项。

2)启用 Windows 的开发者模式(Developer Mode)

设置路径为:开始菜单 > 设置 > 更新与安全 > 开发者选项

启用开发者模式

打开开发者模式开关后,在弹出的对话框中选择“是”。

确认启用开发者模式

3)启用 WSL 功能

通过 Win + R 组合键运行 optionalfeatures.exe,找到 WSL 选项并勾选,点击“确定”后按照提示重启系统。

启用 WSL

4)安装 Ubuntu Linux

打开 Microsoft Store,搜索“ubuntu”并选择安装 Ubuntu 24.04.x LTS(“x”表示最新的版本号;“LTS”是 Long Term Support 的缩写,表示长期支持版本)。

安装 Ubuntu

安装完成后,点击“打开”。

Ubuntu 安装完成

等待后续的安装工作完成。

Ubuntu 安装中

5)配置 Ubuntu Linux

Ubuntu Linux 安装完成后,会提示新建一个用户。输入“iubuntu”后回车(当然,你可以自定义用户名)。

输入新用户名

接着,输入该用户的密码并进行确认。请注意,此密码也是系统自动创建的“root”用户(类似于 Windows 中的 Administrator 管理员)的密码,在使用 Linux 的 sudo 命令时需要输入。

确认用户密码

最后,出现类似以下界面表示 Ubuntu Linux 已准备就绪。

Ubuntu 准备就绪

如果你安装了 Windows 终端,可以在 Windows 终端 中运行 wsl 命令启动 Ubuntu Linux。此时,Windows 终端 的操作环境即为 Linux。

在 Windows 终端中运行 WSL

6)升级到 WSL 2

Windows 终端Windows PowerShell 中运行以下命令,启用 Windows 的虚拟机平台功能:

dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart

接着,分别执行以下命令将 WSL 版本设置为 2,并更新 WSL:

wsl --set-default-version 2
wsl --update
wsl --set-version Ubuntu-24.04 2

Ubuntu Linux

无论你是在 Windows WSL 下还是原生安装的 Ubuntu Linux 中,接下来的环境准备工作都是相同的,且必不可少。

1)更新 Linux(可选)

如果你的 Linux 是全新安装的,建议先运行以下命令更新系统,以避免后续步骤出错。注意,运行 sudo 命令时需要输入 root 用户的密码。

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

2)安装编译工具

运行以下命令安装本项目所需的工具:

sudo apt install gcc g++ gdb make valgrind lcov kcachegrind cppcheck clang clang-tools

当提示是否继续时,输入“Y”并回车。安装过程可能需要一些时间。

安装 Linux 工具

着手开发

接下来的步骤均在 Ubuntu Linux 中以命令行方式完成。

获取代码

Windows 终端 中进入 Linux 代码存放的目录:

cd /home/iubuntu

运行以下命令获取本项目的代码:

git clone https://gitee.com/embeddedpro/embedded.git

编译

进入本项目的 build 子目录。注意:buildv1buildv5 的功能与 build 相同,展示了整个项目构建能力的演进过程,便于你更好地学习和掌握。

cd embedded/build

编译选项包括:

  • makemake release:编译生成 release 版本(采用 O2 优化)的程序,生成的可执行文件位于 release 子目录中。

  • make debug:编译生成 debug 版本的程序,生成的可执行文件位于 debug 子目录中。

  • make unitest:编译单元测试程序,生成的可执行文件位于 unitest 子目录中。

  • make test:执行单元测试。

  • make coverage:生成单元测试代码覆盖率报告。生成的报告位于 coverage 子目录中,用浏览器打开其中的 index.html 文件即可查看。 代码覆盖率报告

  • make cppcheck:使用 cppcheck 对代码进行静态分析。

  • make scan-build:使用 scan-build 对代码进行静态分析。

  • make asan:编译生成 Address Sanitizer(ASAN)所需的程序,生成的可执行文件位于 asan 子目录中。

  • make do-asan:执行 Address Sanitizer(ASAN)测试。

  • make profile:执行性能分析,分析生成的数据可用 KCachegrind 工具查看。KCachegrind 是一个开源的 Linux 可视化工具,用于查看性能分析结果。 KCachegrind 性能分析

  • make clean:清理编译生成的中间文件和可执行文件。


目录说明

  • build:包含工程构建相关的文件,例如关键的 Makefile。buildv1buildv5 展示了构建系统的演进过程。
  • code:包含源代码。
    • application:应用层代码。
    • framework:框架层代码。
    • platform:平台层代码。
    • tools:项目自建工具链相关代码。
  • docs:包含 ABI 规范、CPU 指令手册等文档。
  • test:包含单元测试框架和项目的单元测试代码。
    • cmocka:cmocka 单元测试框架。
    • application:应用层的单元测试代码。
    • framework:框架层的单元测试代码。
    • platform:平台层的单元测试代码。
  • tools:包含第三方工具链。

联系作者

如果你遇到任何问题,可以通过以下方式联系作者:

  • 在项目中提交一个 Issue。
  • 通过微信公众号“至简李云”与我取得联系。
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