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Apache-2.0

md_blockchain

Java区块链平台,基于Springboot开发的区块链平台。区块链qq交流群737858576,一起学习区块链平台开发,当然也交流Springboot、springcloud、机器学习等知识。

起因

公司要开发区块链,原本是想着使用以太坊开发个合约或者是使用个第三方平台来做,后来发现都不符合业务需求。原因很简单,以太坊、超级账本等平台都是做共享账本的,有代币和挖矿等模块。而我们需要的就是数家公司组个联盟,来共同见证、记录一些不可篡改的交互信息,如A公司给B公司发了一个xxx请求,B公司响应了什么什么。其实要的就是一个分布式数据库,而且性能要好,不能像比特币那种10分钟才生成一个区块。我们要的更多的是数据库的性能,和区块链的一些特性。

经过

项目于3月初开始研发,历时一月发布了第一版。主要做了存储模块、加密模块、网络通信、PBFT共识算法、公钥私钥、区块内容解析落地入库等。已经初步具备了区块链的基本特征,但在merkle tree、智能合约以及其他的一些细节上,尚不到位。

希望高手不吝赐教,集思广益,提出见解或方案,来做一个区块链平台项目,适合更多的区块链场景,而不仅仅是账本和各种忽悠人的代币。

理想中的区块链平台:

输入图片说明

项目说明

主要有存储模块、网络模块、PBFT共识算法、加密模块、区块解析入库等。

该项目属于"链",非"币"。不涉及虚拟币和挖矿。

存储模块

Block内存储的是类Sql语句。联盟间预先设定好符合业务场景需要的数据库表结构,然后设定好各个节点对表的操作权限(ADD,UPDATE,DELETE),将来各个节点就可以按照自己被允许的权限,进行Sql语句的编写,并打包至Block中,再全网广播,等待全网校验签名、权限等信息的合法性。如果Block合法,则进入PBFT共识算法机制,各节点开始按照PrePrepare、Prepare、Commit等状态依次执行,直到2f+1个commit后,开始进行本地生成新区块。新区块生成后,各节点进行区块内容解析,并落地入库的操作。

场景就比较广泛了,可以设定不同的表结构,或者多个表,进而能完成各自类型信息的存储。譬如商品溯源,从生产商、运输、经销商、消费者等,每个环节都可以对某个商品进行ADD信息的操作。

存储采用的是key-value数据库rocksDB,了解比特币的知道,比特币用的是levelDB,都是类似的东西。最近发现在部分Windows下,rocksDB加载失败。也可以替换为levelDB,只需要修改yml中db.levelDB为true,db.RocksDB为false即可。

结构类似于sql的语句,如ADD(增删改) tableName(表名)ID(主键) JSON(该记录的json)。

网络模块

网络层,采用的是各节点互相长连接、断线重连,然后维持心跳包。网络框架使用的是t-io,也是oschina的知名开源项目。t-io采用了AIO的方式,在大量长连接情况下性能优异,资源占用也很少,并且具备group功能,特别适合于做多个联盟链的SaaS平台。并且包含了心跳包、断线重连、retry等优秀功能。

在项目中,每个节点即是server,又是client,作为server则被其他的N-1个节点连接,作为client则去连接其他N-1个节点的server。同一个联盟,设定一个Group,每次发消息,直接调用sendGroup方法即可。

共识模块PBFT

分布式共识算法是分布式系统的核心,常见的有Paxos、pbft、bft、raft、pow等。区块链中常见的是POW、POS、DPOS、pbft等。

比特币采用了POW工作量证明,需要耗费大量的资源进行hash运算(挖矿),由矿工来完成生成Block的权利。其他多是采用选举投票的方式来决定谁来生成Block。共同的特点就是只能特定的节点来生成区块,然后广播给其他人。

区块链分如下三类:

私有链:这是指在企业内部部署的区块链应用,所有节点都是可以信任的;

联盟链:半封闭生态的交易网络,存在不对等信任的节点;

公有链:开放生态的交易网络,为联盟链和私有链等提供全球交易网络。

由于私有链是封闭生态的存储系统,因此采用Paxos类共识算法(过半同意)可以达到最优的性能;联盟链有半公开半开放特性,因此拜占庭容错是适合选择之一,例如IBM超级账本项目;对于公有链来说,这种共识算法的要求已经超出了普通分布式系统构建的范畴,再加上交易的特性,因此需要引入更多的安全考虑。所以比特币的POW是个非常好的选择。

我们这里可选的是raft和pbft,分别做私链和联盟链,项目中我使用了修改过的pbft共识算法。

先来简单了解pbft:

(1)从全网节点选举出一个主节点(Leader),新区块由主节点负责生成。

(2)每个节点把客户端发来的交易向全网广播,主节点将从网络收集到需放在新区块内的多个交易排序后存入列表,并将该列表向全网广播。

(3)每个节点接收到交易列表后,根据排序模拟执行这些交易。所有交易执行完后,基于交易结果计算新区块的哈希摘要,并向全网广播。

(4)如果一个节点收到的2f(f为可容忍的拜占庭节点数)个其它节点发来的摘要都和自己相等,就向全网广播一条commit消息。

(5)如果一个节点收到2f+1条(包括自己)commit消息,即可提交新区块到本地的区块链和状态数据库。

可以看到,传统的pbft是需要先选举出leader的,然后由leader来搜集交易,并打包,然后广播出去。然后各个节点开始对新Block进行校验、投票、累积commit数量,最后落地。

而我这里对pbft做了修改,这是一个联盟,各个节点是平等的,而且性能要高。所以我不想让每个节点都生成一个指令后,发给其他节点,再大家选举出一个节点来搜集网络上的指令组合再生成Block,太复杂了,而且又存在了leader节点的故障隐患。

我对pbft的修改是,不需要选择leader,任何节点都可以构建Block,然后全网广播。其他节点收到该Block请求时即进入Pre-Prepare状态,校验格式、hash、签名、和table的权限,校验通过后,进入Prepare状态,并全网广播状态。待自己累积的各节点Prepare的数量大于2f+1时,进入commit状态,并全网广播该状态。待自己累积的各节点Commit的数量大于2f+1时,认为已达成共识,将Block加入区块链中,然后执行Block中sql语句。

很明显,和有leader时相比,缺少了顺序的概念。有leader时能保证Block的顺序,当有并发生成Block的需求时,leader能按照顺序进行广播。譬如大家都已经到number=5的区块了,然后需要再生成2个,有leader时,则会按照6、7的顺序来生成。而没有leader时,则可能发生多节点同时生成6的情况。为了避免分叉,我做了一些处理,具体的可以在代码里看实现逻辑。

区块信息查询

各节点通过执行相同的sql来实现一个同步的sqlite数据库(或mysql等其他关系型数据库),将来对数据的查询都是直接查询sqlite,性能高于传统的区块链项目。

由于各个节点都能生成Block,在高并发下会出现区块不一致的情况。如果因为某些原因导致链分叉了,也提供了回滚机制,sql可以回滚。原理也很简单,你ADD一个数据时,我会在区块里同时记录两个指令,一个是ADD,一个是回滚用的DELETE。同理,UPDATE时也会保存原来的旧数据。区块里的sql落地,譬如顺序执行1-10个指令,回滚时就是从10-1执行回滚指令。

每个节点都会记录自己已经同步了的区块的值,以便随时进行sql落地入库。

对区块链信息的查询,那就简单了,直接做数据库查询即可。相比于比特币需要检索整个区块链的索引树,速度和方便性就大不同了。

简单使用说明

使用方法:先下载md_blockchain_manager项目,然后导入工程里的sql数据库文件,修改application.yml数据库配置,最后启动manager项目。

然后修改md_blockchain中application.yml里的name、appid和manager项目数据库里的某个值对应,作为一个节点。如果有多个节点,则某个节点都和数据库里对应,填写各节点的ip。managerUrl就是manager项目的url,让该项目能访问到manager项目。

在md_blockchian项目启动时,在ClientStarter类中可见,启动时会从manager项目拉取所有节点的数据,并进行连接。如果自己的ip和appId等不在manager数据库中,则无法启动。

可以通过访问localhost:8080/block?content=1来生成一个区块。正常使用时至少要启动4个节点才行,否则无法达成共识,PBFT要求2f+1个节点同意才能生成Block。为了方便测试,可以直接修改pbftSize的返回值为0,这样就能自己一个节点玩起来了。如果有多个节点,在生成Block后就会发现别的节点也会自动同步自己新生成的Block。目前代码里默认设置了一张表message,里面也只有一个字段content,相当于一个简单的区块链记事本。当有4个节点时,可以通过并发访问其中的几个来同时生成Block进行测试,看是否会分叉。还可以关停其中的一个,看其他的三个是否能达成共识(拜占庭最多容许f个节点故障,4个节点允许1个故障),恢复故障的那个,看是否能够同步其他正常节点的Block。可以进行各种测试,欢迎提bug。

可以通过localhost:8080/block/sqlite来查看sqlite里存的数据,就是根据Block里的sql语句执行后的结果。

我把项目部署到docker里了,共启动4个节点,如图: 输入图片说明

manager就是md_blockchain_manager项目,主要功能就是提供联盟链内各节点ip和各节点的权限信息 输入图片说明

四个节点ip都写死了,都启动后,它们会相互全部连接起来,并维持住长连接和心跳包,相互交换最新的Block信息。 输入图片说明

我调用一下block项目的生成区块接口,http://ip:port/block?content=1,可以看到各节点投票及pbft的各状态 输入图片说明

别的节点会是这样,收到block项目请求生成区块的请求、并开始校验,然后进入pbft的投票状态 输入图片说明

如果某节点断线了、或者是新加入的节点,从别的正常节点拉取新区块 输入图片说明

此外还有高并发情况下,各节点同时生成Block,系统处理共识、保证区块链不分叉的一些测试。

这个生成区块的接口是写好用来测试的,正常走的流程是调用instuction接口,先生产符合自己需求的指令,然后组合多个指令,调用BlockController里的生成区块接口。

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简介

开源java区块链平台,可做联盟链、私链使用,不适用于公链。各节点已知IP,维持长连接。共识机制采用PBFT。无虚拟货币,可用于存储各种类型的数据,无需挖矿。不仅仅可以用来做账本,还可以做各种定制化的存储需求。理念来自于腾讯的trustsql。加密、公钥私钥、网络模块、存储模块等。 展开 收起
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