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REACT-CPP is an event loop library that utilizes the new C++11 lambda functions to notify you when there is activity on a filedescriptor or on a timer. Internally, it is a wrapper around the libev library, and does therefore also depend on that library.
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The React::Loop and the React::MainLoop classes are the central classes of this library. These classes have methods to set timers and to register callback functions that will be called when a filedescriptor becomes readable or writable.
In a typical application you create an instance of the mainloop class, and then you register filedescriptors that you'd like to watch for readability, register event handlers and timers:
#include <reactcpp.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
/**
* Main application procedure
* @return int
*/
int main()
{
// create an event loop
React::MainLoop loop;
// set a timer to stop the application after five seconds
loop.onTimeout(5.0, []() {
// report that the timer expired
std::cout << "timer expired" << std::endl;
// stop the application
exit(0);
});
// we'd like to be notified when input is available on stdin
loop.onReadable(STDIN_FILENO, []() -> bool {
// read input
std::string buffer;
std::cin >> buffer;
// show what we read
std::cout << buffer << std::endl;
// return true, so that we also return future read events
return true;
});
// handler when control+c is pressed
loop.onSignal(SIGINT, []() -> bool {
// report that we got a signal
std::cout << "control+c detected" << std::endl;
// stop the application
exit(0);
// although this code is unreachable, we return false because
// we're no longer interested in future SIGINT signals
return false;
});
// run the event loop
loop.run();
// done
return 0;
}
The above example contains a very simple echo application. Everything that the application reads from stdin is directly echo'd back to stdout. After five seconds the application automatically stops, and when the SIGINT signal is caught, the application also exits.
There is a subtle difference between the React::MainLoop that we use in the example above, and the React::Loop class that is also available. The React::MainLoop is supposed to run the main event loop for the entire application, while the React::Loop classes are additional event loops that you can (for example) use in additional threads. In normal circumstances, you will never have to instantiate more than once instance of the React::MainLoop class, while it is perfectly legal to create as many React::Loop objects as you wish.
Because the React::MainLoop class is intended to control the entire application, it has some additional methods to register signal handlers and handlers to monitor child processes. Such methods are not available in the regular React::Loop class.
In the first example we showed how to install handlers on the loop object. Once such a handler is set, the loop will keep calling it every time a filedescriptor becomes active. But what if you no longer are interested in these events? In that case you have a number of options to stop a callback from being called.
The first one is by having your callback function return false. If your callback returns a boolean false value, your handler function is removed from the event loop and you will no longer be notified. If you return true on the other hand, the handler will stay in the event loop, and will also be called in the future.
#include <reactcpp.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// create the event loop
React::MainLoop loop;
// we'd like to be notified when input is available on stdin
loop.onReadable(STDIN_FILENO, []() -> bool {
// read input
std::string buffer;
std::cin >> buffer;
// show what we read
std::cout << buffer << std::endl;
// from this moment on, we no longer want to receive updates
return false;
});
// run the event loop
loop.run();
// done
return 0;
}
The program above is only interested in read events until the first line from stdin is read. After that it returns false, to inform the event loop that it is no longer interested in read events.
This also means that the program in the example automatically exits after the first line. The reason for this is that the run() method of the React::Loop and React::MainLoop classes automatically stops running when there are no more callback functions active. By returning false, the last and only registered callback function is cancelled, and the event loop has nothing left to monitor.
The Loop::onReadable(), Loop::onWritable(), etcetera methods all return a (shared) pointer to a watcher object. In the first example we had not used this return value, but you can store this watcher object in a variable. If you have access to this watcher object, you can cancel calls to your handler without having to wait for your callback to be called first.
The returned watcher is a shared_ptr. Internally, the library also keeps a pointer to this object, so that even if you decide to discard the watcher object, it will live on inside the lib. The only way to stop the callback from being active is either by calling the cancel() method on the watcher object, or by having your callback function return false.
With this knowledge we are going to modify our earlier example. The echo application that we showed before is updated to set the timer back to five seconds every time that some input is read. The application will therefore no longer stop five seconds after it was started, but five seconds after the last input was received. We also change the signal watcher: the moment CTRL+C is pressed, the application stops responding, and will delay it's exit for one second.
The watcher objects all have in common that they have a cancel() method that stops further events from being delivered to your callback function. Next to the cancel() method, additional methods are available to deal with the specific behavior of the item being watched.
#include <reactcpp.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
/**
* Main application procedure
* @return int
*/
int main()
{
// create an event loop
React::MainLoop loop;
// set a timer to stop the application if it is idle for five seconds
// note that the type of 'timer' is std::shared_ptr<React::TimeoutWatcher>,
// also note that the timer callback does not return a boolean, as a timer
// stops anyway after it expires.
auto timer = loop.onTimeout(5.0, []() {
// report that the timer expired
std::cout << "timer expired" << std::endl;
// stop the application
exit(0);
});
// we'd like to be notified when input is available on stdin
// the type of 'reader' is std::shared_ptr<React::ReadWatcher>
auto reader = loop.onReadable(STDIN_FILENO, [timer]() -> bool {
// read input
std::string buffer;
std::cin >> buffer;
// show what we read
std::cout << buffer << std::endl;
// set the timer back to five seconds
timer->set(5.0);
// keep checking for readability
return true;
});
// handler when control+c is pressed
loop.onSignal(SIGINT, [&loop, timer, reader]() -> bool {
// report that we got a signal
std::cout << "control+c detected" << std::endl;
// both the timer, and the input checker can be cancelled now
timer->cancel();
reader->cancel();
// stop the application in one second
loop.onTimeout(1.0, []() {
// exit the application
exit(0);
});
// no longer check for signals
return false;
});
// run the event loop
loop.run();
// done
return 0;
}
Up to now we had registered callback methods via the Loop::onSomething() methods. These methods return a shared pointer to an object that keeps the watcher state. It is also possible to create such objects directly, without calling a Loop::onSomething method(). This can be very convenient, because you will have ownership of the object (instead of the event loop) and you can unregister your handler function by just destructing the object.
#include <reactcpp.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
/**
* Main application procedure
* @return int
*/
int main()
{
// create an event loop
React::MainLoop loop;
// we'd like to be notified when input is available on stdin
React::ReadWatcher reader(loop, STDIN_FILENO, []() -> bool {
// read input
std::string buffer;
std::cin >> buffer;
// show what we read
std::cout << buffer << std::endl;
// keep checking readability
return true;
});
// run the event loop
loop.run();
// done
return 0;
}
Conceptually, there is not a big difference between calling Loop::onReadable() to register a callback function, or by instantiating a React::ReadWatcher object yourself. In my opinion, the code that utilizes a call to Loop::onReadable() is easier to understand and maintain, but by creating a ReadWatcher class yourself, you have full ownership of the class and can destruct it whenever you like - which can be useful too.
Filedescriptors can be checked for activity by registering callbacks for readability and writability. The loop object has two methods for that:
std::shared_ptr<ReadWatcher> Loop::onReadable(int fd, const ReadCallback &callback);
std::shared_ptr<WriteWatcher> Loop::onWritable(int fd, const WriteCallback &callback);
The callbacks are simple functions that return a bool, and that do not take any parameters. If they return true, the filedescriptor will stay in the event loop and your callback will also be called in the future if the filedescriptor becomes readable or writable again. If the function returns false, the descriptor is removed from the event loop.
You can also create a ReadWatcher or WriteWatcher object yourself. In that case you will not have to use the Loop::onReadable() or Loop::onWritable() methods:
ReadWatcher watcher(&loop, fd, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
WriteWatcher watcher(&loop, fd, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
The React library supports both intervals and timers. A timer is triggered only once, an interval on the other hand calls the registered callback method every time the interval time has expired.
When you create an interval, you can specify both the initial expire time as well as the interval between all subsequent calls. If you omit the initial time, the callback will be first called after the first interval has passed.
std::shared_ptr<TimeoutWatcher>
Loop::onTimeout(Timestamp seconds, const TimeoutCallback &callback);
std::shared_ptr<IntervalWatcher>
Loop::onInterval(Timestamp interval, const IntervalCallback &callback);
std::shared_ptr<IntervalWatcher>
Loop::onInterval(Timestamp initial, Timestamp interval, const IntervalCallback &callback);
Just like the callbacks for filedescriptors, the callback for intervals should return a boolean value to indicate whether the interval timer should be kept in the event loop or not. The callback function for timeouts does not return any value, because timeouts only trigger once, and are never kept in the event loop.
loop.onTimeout(3.0, []() { ... });
loop.onInterval(5.0, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
loop.onInterval(0.0, 5.0, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
And you can of course also instantiate React::TimeoutWatcher and React::IntervalWatcher objects directly:
TimeoutWatcher watcher(&loop, 3.0, []() { ... });
IntervalWatcher watcher(&loop, 5.0, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
IntervalWatcher watcher(&loop, 2.0, 5.0, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
Signals can be watched too. Normally, signals are delivered to your application in an asynchronous way, and the signal handling code could be started when your application is in the middle of running some other algorithm. By registering a signal handler via the React::MainLoop class, you can prevent this, and have your signal handling be executed as part of the event loop.
Setting up a signal handler is just as easy as setting up callback functions for filedescriptors or timers. The loop object has a simple onSignal() method for it:
std::shared_ptr<SignalWatcher> MainLoop::onSignal(int signum, const SignalCallback &callback);
And the callback function (of course) should return a boolean value to tell the event loop if the handler should be kept in the loop or not.
loop.onSignal(SIGTERM, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
And for signals it also is possible to bypass the methods on the loop class, and create a React::Signal object yourself:
SIgnalWatcher watcher(&loop, SIGTERM, []() -> bool { ...; return true; });
The MainLoop class also allows you to watch for status change events from child processes. This is useful if your application forks off child processes, and wants to be notified when one of these child processes changes its status (like exiting).
Both the pid and trace parameters are optional. If you do not specify a pid (or set the parameter to zero), your callback function will be called for every single child process that changes its status. The boolean trace parameter can be used to indicate whether you'd like to be notified for every possible status change (including changes between paused and running state), or only when child processes terminate. Set trace to true to receive all notifications, and to false to receive only for process exits.
std::shared_ptr<StatusWatcher>
MainLoop::onStatusChange(pid_t pid, bool trace, const SignalCallback &callback);
The callback function has a different signature than most of the other callbacks, as it should accept two parameters: the pid of the process for which the status changed, and its new status. The return value should be true if you want to keep the child watcher active, or false if you no longer want to be informed about child process status changes.
loop.onStatusChange(pid, false, [](pid_t pid, int status) -> bool { ...; return true; });
And just like all other watcher objects, you can also create StatusWatcher objects yourself:
StatusWatcher watcher(&loop, pid, trace, [](pid_t pid, int status) -> bool { ... });
Let's introduce a topic that has not been addressed in one of the examples: running multiple threads and optionally multiple thread loops.
If your application runs multiple threads, there is a pretty good chance that sooner or later you want to get these threads in sync. When you have, for example, a worker thread that wants to report its results back to the main thread, it should somehow notify that thread that the result of the calculatations are somewhere to be picked up. If the main thread is busy running an event loop, it should be able to interupt that event loop, so that the data can be picked up. This all can be done with the Loop::onSynchronize() method.
#include <reactcpp.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
/**
* Main procedure
*/
int main()
{
// create a thread loop
React::MainLoop loop;
// install a callback that can be called by a worker thread.
// the returned synchronizer object is of type std::shared_ptr<SynchronizeWatcher>,
// and contains a thread safe object that can be accessed from other threads
// to notify us
auto synchronizer = loop.onSynchronize([]() {
std::cout << "other thread has finished running" << std::endl;
});
// start a new thread
std::thread thread([synchronizer]() {
// some long running algorithm
sleep(1);
// notify the main event loop that the task was completed
synchronizer->synchronize();
});
// we'd like to be notified when input is available on stdin
loop.onReadable(STDIN_FILENO, []() -> bool {
// read input
std::string buffer;
std::cin >> buffer;
// show what we read
std::cout << buffer << std::endl;
// keep receiving readability notifications
return true;
});
// run the event loop
loop.run();
// join the thread
thread.join();
// done
return 0;
}
The example above demonstrates how threads can synchronize with each other. First, you create an endpoint that the other thread can use to call the main thread, and you install a handler that will be called when the other thread uses that endpoint. Both steps are taken by a simple call to Loop::onSynchronize(). This installs the callback function that runs in the main thread, and it returns the thread safe endpoint that can be used by other thread to interup the main event loop.
The SynchronizeWatcher is similar to classes like React::ReadWatcher, React::WriteWatcher, React::TimeoutWatcher, etcetera. However, the callback is slightly different as it does not return a value. The watcher is active for as long as you have a reference to the synchronizer object.
// example how to install a synchronizer via the Loop class
auto watcher = loop.onSynchronize([]() { ... });
// example how to install the synchronizer as an object
SynchronizeWatcher watcher(loop, []() { ... });
When you use this technology to synchronize threads, you probably need to have some shared data. You could for example use a queue that is accessible by both threads. The worker thread pushes results to it, then calls synchronizer->synchronnize() to notify the master thread, which can then pick up the results from the queue. If the queue object is not thread safe, you must make sure that you protect access to it, for example by using mutex variables.
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