diff --git a/include/linux/mm.h b/include/linux/mm.h
index ffdd46c1108ae5dc9cc205f9a239e4e363aa21e9..3cc7abb29e594b9ce691aef10f9996ad1483b597 100644
--- a/include/linux/mm.h
+++ b/include/linux/mm.h
@@ -1774,6 +1774,8 @@ static inline void vma_set_access_pid_bit(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
 		__set_bit(pid_bit, &vma->numab_state->access_pids[1]);
 	}
 }
+
+bool folio_use_access_time(struct folio *folio);
 #else /* !CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING */
 static inline int folio_xchg_last_cpupid(struct folio *folio, int cpupid)
 {
@@ -1827,6 +1829,10 @@ static inline bool cpupid_match_pid(struct task_struct *task, int cpupid)
 static inline void vma_set_access_pid_bit(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
 {
 }
+static inline bool folio_use_access_time(struct folio *folio)
+{
+	return false;
+}
 #endif /* CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING */
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS) || defined(CONFIG_KASAN_HW_TAGS)
diff --git a/kernel/sched/fair.c b/kernel/sched/fair.c
index 10009d21488e2b2a9cc94a70e7a28a8d56f25e65..c05094e4769df372f659685c4d3026acb38f3120 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/fair.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/fair.c
@@ -1999,8 +1999,7 @@ bool should_numa_migrate_memory(struct task_struct *p, struct folio *folio,
 	 * The pages in slow memory node should be migrated according
 	 * to hot/cold instead of private/shared.
 	 */
-	if (sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING &&
-	    !node_is_toptier(src_nid)) {
+	if (folio_use_access_time(folio)) {
 		struct pglist_data *pgdat;
 		unsigned long rate_limit;
 		unsigned int latency, th, def_th;
diff --git a/mm/huge_memory.c b/mm/huge_memory.c
index 6bb149f9e6170d028fd265444de736275a381646..16bc36ab903b31b546603046bb4885295b76122e 100644
--- a/mm/huge_memory.c
+++ b/mm/huge_memory.c
@@ -2033,7 +2033,7 @@ vm_fault_t do_huge_pmd_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	 * For memory tiering mode, cpupid of slow memory page is used
 	 * to record page access time.  So use default value.
 	 */
-	if (node_is_toptier(nid))
+	if (!folio_use_access_time(folio))
 		last_cpupid = folio_last_cpupid(folio);
 	target_nid = numa_migrate_prep(folio, vma, haddr, nid, &flags);
 	if (target_nid == NUMA_NO_NODE) {
@@ -2383,8 +2383,7 @@ int change_huge_pmd(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 		    toptier)
 			goto unlock;
 
-		if (sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING &&
-		    !toptier)
+		if (folio_use_access_time(folio))
 			folio_xchg_access_time(folio,
 					       jiffies_to_msecs(jiffies));
 	}
diff --git a/mm/memory-tiers.c b/mm/memory-tiers.c
index a28606e65ef35ee2911a9260e98bbb0f68159bfa..9a8f23a2377b4871897b9d19e682d29f8c28d53e 100644
--- a/mm/memory-tiers.c
+++ b/mm/memory-tiers.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <linux/memory.h>
 #include <linux/memory-tiers.h>
 #include <linux/notifier.h>
+#include <linux/sched/sysctl.h>
 
 #include "internal.h"
 
@@ -44,6 +45,24 @@ static struct bus_type memory_tier_subsys = {
 	.dev_name = "memory_tier",
 };
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
+/**
+ * folio_use_access_time - check if a folio reuses cpupid for page access time
+ * @folio: folio to check
+ *
+ * folio's _last_cpupid field is repurposed by memory tiering. In memory
+ * tiering mode, cpupid of slow memory folio (not toptier memory) is used to
+ * record page access time.
+ *
+ * Return: the folio _last_cpupid is used to record page access time
+ */
+bool folio_use_access_time(struct folio *folio)
+{
+	return (sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING) &&
+	       !node_is_toptier(folio_nid(folio));
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
 static int top_tier_adistance;
 /*
diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
index 379d436c8198dabda9da29461a64be0605ed24d4..23bdb2975087b9b0394afe8f9952ca5f4c51aaf6 100644
--- a/mm/memory.c
+++ b/mm/memory.c
@@ -5328,8 +5328,7 @@ static vm_fault_t do_numa_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
 	 * For memory tiering mode, cpupid of slow memory page is used
 	 * to record page access time.  So use default value.
 	 */
-	if ((sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING) &&
-	    !node_is_toptier(nid))
+	if (folio_use_access_time(folio))
 		last_cpupid = (-1 & LAST_CPUPID_MASK);
 	else
 		last_cpupid = folio_last_cpupid(folio);
diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
index 1d53b70c1d1faef9b2425c3496a2602afc020d23..794a91e231f984d7f5f5f624f8aa7ada0e4d438e 100644
--- a/mm/migrate.c
+++ b/mm/migrate.c
@@ -2661,7 +2661,9 @@ int migrate_misplaced_folio(struct folio *folio, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 	}
 	if (nr_succeeded) {
 		count_vm_numa_events(NUMA_PAGE_MIGRATE, nr_succeeded);
-		if (!node_is_toptier(folio_nid(folio)) && node_is_toptier(node))
+		if ((sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING)
+		    && !node_is_toptier(folio_nid(folio))
+		    && node_is_toptier(node))
 			mod_node_page_state(pgdat, PGPROMOTE_SUCCESS,
 					    nr_succeeded);
 	}
diff --git a/mm/mprotect.c b/mm/mprotect.c
index b360577be4f8819637af6a13a4a8da3989d30dff..ed0e21a053398e4a13da4cd6dd63a286721b9b48 100644
--- a/mm/mprotect.c
+++ b/mm/mprotect.c
@@ -158,8 +158,7 @@ static long change_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
 				if (!(sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_NORMAL) &&
 				    toptier)
 					continue;
-				if (sysctl_numa_balancing_mode & NUMA_BALANCING_MEMORY_TIERING &&
-				    !toptier)
+				if (folio_use_access_time(folio))
 					folio_xchg_access_time(folio,
 						jiffies_to_msecs(jiffies));
 			}