# Professional-Internship-practice

**Repository Path**: potatorunfast/professional-internship-practice

## Basic Information

- **Project Name**: Professional-Internship-practice
- **Description**: 专业实习课上训练
- **Primary Language**: Unknown
- **License**: Not specified
- **Default Branch**: master
- **Homepage**: None
- **GVP Project**: No

## Statistics

- **Stars**: 0
- **Forks**: 0
- **Created**: 2026-03-10
- **Last Updated**: 2026-03-31

## Categories & Tags

**Categories**: Uncategorized

**Tags**: None

## README

### 本次项目参考Django教程，网址[Django教程](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/6.0/intro/)以及CSDN博客写的Django(详细说明请看下面教程）
### 一、环境搭建（Win+Vsc+Anaconda)
1.下载Anaconda，选择Miniconda进行下载
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20124354.png)
- 使用自带Anaconda Prompt命令（注意，每次使用都得从这开始）
- 本次下载参考csdn[Django学习Part 1：环境搭建](https://blog.csdn.net/2301_81312828/article/details/158615575)---不在过多阐述
2. 每次运行diango前准备
- 切换路径，我得从C盘转到D盘

```
cd /d D:\professional-internship-practice\DiangoProject\djangotutorial
```
- 激活diango环境

```
conda activate django
```
### 二、Writing your first Django app, part 1
1. 启动开发服务器
```
python manage.py runserver
```
- 点击网址  [http://127.0.0.1:8000/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/)
- 正确显示图
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20134216.png)
2. 创建投票应用（前提激活环境）

```
python manage.py startapp polls
```
- a.Write your first view（编写第一个视图）
- 打开vsc,在文件 polls/views.py 并在其中放入以下 Python 代码：

```
from django.http import HttpResponse

def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index.")
```
- b.要为 polls 应用定义 URLconf，创建一个名为 polls/urls.py 的文件,加入代码

```
from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path("", views.index, name="index"),
]
```
- c.在 mysite/urls.py进行修改

```
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path("polls/", include("polls.urls")),
    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
]
```
- d.重新激活django环境，并进行运行

```
python manage.py runserver
```
- 在浏览器访问[http://localhost:8000/polls/ ](http://localhost:8000/polls/ )
- 效果展示图
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20143133.png)

### 三、Writing your first Django app, part 2
1. 使用Vsc，打开mysite/settings.py并编辑
- 找到TIME_ZONE 这行，进行修改成如下代码

```
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
```
- 创建一个数据库表

```
python manage.py migrate
```
- 注意：若已有或者db.sqlite3损坏，建议删除，然后在执行代码
2. 创建模型
- a.连接数据库（前提准备工作）参考链接[Django学习Part 2](https://blog.csdn.net/2301_81312828/article/details/158621263/)
- b.编辑 polls/models.py 文件

```
from django.db import models

class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField("date published")

class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
```
3. 激活模型
- a.编辑 mysite/settings.py 文件，并将该点分路径添加到 INSTALLED_APPS 设置中

```
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    "polls.apps.PollsConfig",
    "django.contrib.admin",
    "django.contrib.auth",
    "django.contrib.contenttypes",
    "django.contrib.sessions",
    "django.contrib.messages",
    "django.contrib.staticfiles",
]
```
- b.执行数据库迁移操作

```
python manage.py makemigrations polls
```
- 只打印 SQL，不执行，对数据库无任何修改

```
python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
```
- 现在再次运行 migrate 来在您的数据库中创建这些模型表

```
python manage.py migrate
```
4. Playing with the API（与 API 互动 ）
- a.在模型中添加 __str__() 方法很重要，这不仅是为了在交互式提示符中处理时自己的方便，还因为对象的表示形式在整个 Django 自动生成的管理界面中都会被使用.通过编辑 Question 模型（在 polls/models.py 文件）并向 Question 和 Choice 添加一个 __str__() 方法.

```
import datetime

from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone

class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField("date published")
    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text
    def was_published_recently(self):
        return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)

class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.choice_text
```
- b.进入交互式 Python 解释器，并使用 Django 提供的免费 API 进行一些操作

```
python manage.py shell
```
- b.进入交互式 Shell,依次输入以下代码

```
Question.objects.all()
```

```
from django.utils import timezone
```

```
q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())
```

```
q.save()
```

```
q.id
```

```
q.question_text
```

```
q.pub_date
```

```
q.question_text = "What's up?
```

```
q.save()
```

```
Question.objects.all()
```
- 注意想要知道详细注释，请登录网址[django part2教程](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/6.0/intro/tutorial02/)
- 看到效果图如下
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20185357.png)
- 保存这些更改并启动一个新的 Python 交互式 shell

```
exit()
```

```
 python manage.py shell
```

```
Question.objects.all()
```

```
Question.objects.filter(id=1)
```

```
Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith="What")
```

```
from django.utils import timezone
```

```
current_year = timezone.now().year
```

```
Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
```

```
Question.objects.get(id=2)
```

```
Question.objects.get(pk=1)
```

```
q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
```

```
q.was_published_recently()
```

```
q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
```

```
q.choice_set.all()
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20190634.png)
```
q.choice_set.create(choice_text="Not much", votes=0)
```

```
q.choice_set.create(choice_text="The sky", votes=0)
```

```
q.choice_set.create(choice_text="Just hacking again", votes=0)
```

```
c.question
```

```
q.choice_set.all()
```

```
q.choice_set.count()
```

```
Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
```

```
c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith="Just hacking")
```

```
c.delete()
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20193136.png)

```
exit()
```

5. 创建管理员用户
- 创建一个可以登录后台管理站点的用户

```
python manage.py createsuperuser
```
输入你想要的用户名,使用的电子邮件地址,输入您的密码
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20193645.png)

6. 启动开发服务器 

```
python manage.py runserver
```
打开网址[http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/)
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20193848.png)
- 输入自己账号和密码
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-10%20193941.png)

7. 让 poll 应用可在管理后台中修改
- 打开 polls/admin.py 文件，并编辑

```
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Question

admin.site.register(Question)
```

- 拓展--如何验证当前用户已创建

```
python manage.py shell
```

```
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
User = get_user_model()
user = User.objects.get(username='admin')  # 将 'admin' 替换为你设置的用户名
print(user.is_active, user.is_staff, user.is_superuser)  # 应全部为 True
user.check_password('你的密码')  # 返回 True 表示密码正确
```

### 四、Writing your first Django app, part 3(编写你的第一个 Django 应用，第 3 部分) 

1. Writing more views（编写更多视图）
- polls/views.py中添加代码

```
def detail(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're looking at question %s." % question_id)

def results(request, question_id):
    response = "You're looking at the results of question %s."
    return HttpResponse(response % question_id)

def vote(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're voting on question %s." % question_id)
```
- 调用连接到 polls.urls （polls/urls.py）

```
from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    # ex: /polls/
    path("", views.index, name="index"),
    # ex: /polls/5/
    path("<int:question_id>/", views.detail, name="detail"),
    # ex: /polls/5/results/
    path("<int:question_id>/results/", views.results, name="results"),
    # ex: /polls/5/vote/
    path("<int:question_id>/vote/", views.vote, name="vote"),
]
```
- 启动开发服务器

```
python manage.py runserver
```
- 尝试在浏览网上输入网址例如[http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/34/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/34/)
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-11%20103331.png)
- 类似的网址
- [http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/34/results/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/34/results/)
- [http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/34/vote/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/34/vote/)

2. Write views that actually do something(编写实际能执行操作的视图)
- 在poll/views.py进行更换代码

```
from django.http import HttpResponse

from .models import Question


def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by("-pub_date")[:5]
    output = ", ".join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])
    return HttpResponse(output)

# Leave the rest of the views (detail, results, vote) unchanged
```
- 创建一个视图可以使用的模板
- 在polls下创建temples文件夹，然后在temples文件夹下创建polls的文件夹
- 在polls下创建index.html,代码如下

```
{% if latest_question_list %}
    <ul>
    {% for question in latest_question_list %}
        <li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
    {% endfor %}
    </ul>
{% else %}
    <p>No polls are available.</p>
{% endif %}
```
- 注意：这里默认setting.py中TEMPLATES里有'APP_DIRS': True,这里基本配置好了，不需要手动操作
- 更新 index 中的 polls/views.py，页面完整代码

```
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.template import loader

from .models import Question


def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by("-pub_date")[:5]
    template = loader.get_template("polls/index.html")
    context = {"latest_question_list": latest_question_list}
    return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))

# Leave the rest of the views (detail, results, vote) unchanged
def detail(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're looking at question %s." % question_id)


def results(request, question_id):
    response = "You're looking at the results of question %s."
    return HttpResponse(response % question_id)


def vote(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're voting on question %s." % question_id)
```
- 启动服务器

```
python manage.py runserver
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-11%20181227.png)

### 五、Writing your first Django app, part 4(编写你的第一个 Django 应用，第 4 部分)
-  速通模式
1. 先编写一个最小化的表单
在polls/detail.html,完整页面如下

```
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<fieldset>
    <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>
    {% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
        <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
        <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br>
    {% endfor %}
</fieldset>
<input type="submit" value="Vote">
</form>
```

2. 创建results.html,路径在templates/polls/results.html，完整代码

```
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>

<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>
```

3. 使用通用视图：代码越少越好
修改polls/views.py,完整代码如下

```
from django.db.models import F
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.urls import reverse
from django.views import generic

from .models import Choice, Question


class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = "polls/index.html"
    context_object_name = "latest_question_list"

    def get_queryset(self):
        """Return the last five published questions."""
        return Question.objects.order_by("-pub_date")[:5]


class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = "polls/detail.html"


class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = "polls/results.html"



# ...
def vote(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    try:
        selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST["choice"])
    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
        # Redisplay the question voting form.
        return render(
            request,
            "polls/detail.html",
            {
                "question": question,
                "error_message": "You didn't select a choice.",
            },
        )
    else:
        selected_choice.votes = F("votes") + 1
        selected_choice.save()
        # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
        # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
        # user hits the Back button.
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse("polls:results", args=(question.id,)))
```
- 启动服务器，点击网址[http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/1/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/1/)
- 最后效果展示
![输入图片说明](Image/image%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20175706.png)

### 六、part5部分--自动化测试
1. 检测bug

```
python manage.py shell
```

```
import datetime
```

```
from django.utils import timezone
```

```
future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))
```

```
future_question.was_published_recently()
```
结果图
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20201924.png)
- 但由于未来的事情不是“最近的”，这显然是错误的。

2. 修复并创建一个测试用例以暴露该错误 
修改polls/view.py，完成代码如下

```
import datetime

from django.test import TestCase
from django.utils import timezone

from .models import Question


class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
        """
        was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
        is in the future.
        """
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
    
```

修改polls/models.py

```
import datetime

from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone

class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField("date published")
    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text
    def was_published_recently(self):
        now = timezone.now()
        return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now

class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.choice_text
```
- 运行测试

```
python manage.py test polls
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20202520.png)

3. 测试客户端

```
python manage.py shell
```

```
 from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
```

```
setup_test_environment()
```

```
from django.test import Client
```

```
client = Client()
```

```
response = client.get("/")
```

```
response.status_code
```

```
from django.urls import reverse
```

```
response = client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
```

```
response.status_code
```

```
response.content
```

```
response.context["latest_question_list"]
```
结果图
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20203008.png)

### 七、part6,编写一个应用---设计背景图
1. 创建static文件夹，在里面在创建polls,images文件夹
- 在刚创建的polls下创建style.css,其代码如下

```
li a {
    color: green;
}
```
- 在 polls/templates/polls/index.html 的顶部添加以下内容

```
{% load static %}

<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static 'polls/style.css' %}">
```
- 效果展示
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20203830.png)

2. 添加背景图片 
- 自己找一张背景图片，放在images文件下
- 对style.css文件进行修改

```
body {
    background: white url("images/background.png") no-repeat;
}
```
运行网址[http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/](http://127.0.0.1:8000/polls/)
- 存在问题，背景图不会铺满整个页面
- 解决方案，修改style.css代码

```
body {
    background: white url("images/background.png") no-repeat center center fixed;
    background-size: contain;
}
```
效果展示图
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20205003.png)

### 八、part7
1. 自定义管理表单
在polls/admin.py下重新排序编辑表单中的字段。

```
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Question


class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = ["pub_date", "question_text"]


admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20210400.png)

- 表单分成字段集
- 在polls/admin.py下

```
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Question


class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fieldsets = [
        (None, {"fields": ["question_text"]}),
        ("Date information", {"fields": ["pub_date"]}),
    ]


admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20210434.png)

2. 添加相关对象
- 注册 Choice 到 admin 中
- 在polls/admin.py下添加

```
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Choice, Question

# ...已知存在代码省略
admin.site.register(Choice)
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20210633.png)

优化，在创建 Question 对象时直接添加一批 Choices
在polls/admin.py下移除 Choice 模型的 register() 调用。然后，编辑 Question 注册代码

```
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Choice, Question


class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3


class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fieldsets = [
        (None, {"fields": ["question_text"]}),
        ("Date information", {"fields": ["pub_date"], "classes": ["collapse"]}),
    ]
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]


admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20210807.png)

优化一下，显示所有用于输入相关 Choice 对象的字段需要占用很多屏幕空间。因此修改代码，让相关对象以更紧凑的表格格式显示
在polls/admin.py下

```
class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline): ...
```
将 StackedInline换成TabularInline
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20210934.png)

3. 自定义管理页面更改列表
使用 list_display 管理选项，它是一个字段名称列表，用于在对象变更列表页面上以列的形式显示
在polls/admin.py下

```
class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # ...
    list_display = ["question_text", "pub_date", "was_published_recently"]
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20211121.png)

- 还可以使用 list_filter 过滤器。将以下行添加到 QuestionAdmin 

```
list_filter = ["pub_date"]
```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20212002.png)

- 还可以添加一些搜索功能

```
search_fields = ["question_text"]
```

4. 自定义项目模板
- 在djangotutorial 目录下创建templates 目录，然后再templates 目录下创建admin文件夹
- 在 mysite/settings.py中里的 TEMPLATES 设置中添加一个 DIRS 选项

```
"DIRS": [BASE_DIR / "templates"]
```
-  查找Django 源代码中默认的 Django admin 模板目录

```
python -c "import django; print(django.__path__)"
```
- 找到路径，打开xxx/xxxx/django/contrib/admin/templates/ admin/base_site.html,将base_site.html复制到admin文件夹
- 编辑该文件并将 {{ site_header|default:_('Django administration') }} （包括花括号）替换为你自己的站点名称
- 例如代码如下

```
{% extends "admin/base.html" %}

{% block title %}{% if subtitle %}{{ subtitle }} | {% endif %}{{ title }} | {{ site_title|default:_('Django site admin') }}{% endblock %}

{% block branding %}
<div id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">Potato Runfast Administration</a></div> ###以换成自己站点
{% if user.is_anonymous %}
  {% include "admin/color_theme_toggle.html" %}
{% endif %}
{% endblock %}

```
![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-14%20220814.png)


### Part8 ---安装 Django Debug Toolbar
- 安装工具

```
python -m pip install django-debug-toolbar
```
- 完成Debug Toolbar 需要 4 个关键配置
- 在settings.py下把 debug_toolbar 加到 INSTALLED_APPS

```
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    "debug_toolbar",
    "polls.apps.PollsConfig",
    "django.contrib.admin",
    "django.contrib.auth",
    "django.contrib.contenttypes",
    "django.contrib.sessions",
    "django.contrib.messages",
    "django.contrib.staticfiles",
]
```
- 添加 Debug Toolbar 中间件
```
MIDDLEWARE = [
    "debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware",
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
```
- 最后面设置 INTERNAL_IPS

```
INTERNAL_IPS = [
    "127.0.0.1",
]

```
- 修改 urls.py

```
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path
import debug_toolbar


urlpatterns = [
    path("polls/", include("polls.urls")),
    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
    path("__debug__/", include(debug_toolbar.urls)),
]

```
效果展示![输入图片说明](Image/%E5%B1%8F%E5%B9%95%E6%88%AA%E5%9B%BE%202026-03-15%20145718.png)