# MightyCore

**Repository Path**: ymz000/MightyCore

## Basic Information

- **Project Name**: MightyCore
- **Description**: Arduino hardware package for ATmega1284, ATmega644, ATmega324, ATmega324PB, ATmega164, ATmega32, ATmega16 and ATmega8535
- **Primary Language**: Unknown
- **License**: LGPL-2.1
- **Default Branch**: master
- **Homepage**: None
- **GVP Project**: No

## Statistics

- **Stars**: 0
- **Forks**: 0
- **Created**: 2020-02-02
- **Last Updated**: 2024-05-31

## Categories & Tags

**Categories**: Uncategorized

**Tags**: None

## README

# MightyCore
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/MCUdude/MightyCore.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/MCUdude/MightyCore) [![MegaCore forum thread](https://img.shields.io/badge/support-forum-blue.svg)](http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=379427.0)
  
An Arduino core for ATmega8535, ATmega16, ATmega32, ATmega164, ATmega324, ATmega644 and ATmega1284, all running a [Optiboot](#write-to-own-flash). Most Arduino UNO compatible libraries will work with this core. If not, it's fairly straight forward to [port a library](#library-porting).
This core requires at least Arduino IDE v1.6, where v1.8.7 or newer is recommended.  
If you're into "generic" AVR programming, I'm happy to tell you that all relevant keywords are being highlighted by the IDE through a separate keywords file. Make sure to test the [example files](https://github.com/MCUdude/MightyCore/tree/master/avr/libraries/AVR_examples/examples) (File > Examples > AVR C code examples).
<br/> <br/>
If you're looking for a great development board for these DIP-40 microcontrollers, I got you covered! I've used the Arduino UNO for years,
but felt like vital functionality was missing on the board. When designing this board I made sure all missing functionality was added. [The board can be bought on my Tindie store](https://www.tindie.com/products/MCUdude/dip-40-arduino-compatible-development-board).
<br/>
**Read more in the hardware section below.**
<br/>
<img src="https://i.imgur.com/MYKePw6.jpg" width="420"> <img src="https://i.imgur.com/LUwmwrR.jpg" width="407">

# Table of contents
* [Supported microcontrollers](#supported-microcontrollers)
* [Supported clock frequencies](#supported-clock-frequencies)
* [Bootloader option](#bootloader-option)
* [BOD option](#bod-option)
* [Link time optimization / LTO](#link-time-optimization--lto)
* [Printf support](#printf-support)
* **[Pinout](#pinout)**
* [Programmers](#programmers)
* [Write to own flash](#write-to-own-flash)
* **[How to install](#how-to-install)**
  - [Boards Manager Installation](#boards-manager-installation)
  - [Manual Installation](#manual-installation)
  - **[ATmega324PB](#atmega324pb)**
  - [PlatformIO](#platformio)
* **[Getting started with MightyCore](#getting-started-with-mightycore)**
* [Wiring reference](#wiring-reference) 
* [Library porting](#library-porting) 
* [Hardware](#hardware) 
* **[Minimal setup](#minimal-setup)**


## Supported microcontrollers
* ATmega1284
* ATmega644
* ATmega324
* ATmega164
* ATmega32
* ATmega16
* ATmega8535

<b>*</b> All variants - P, PA, A, PB. Select the correct version in the 'Variant' menu
<br/> <br/>
Can't decide what microcontroller to choose? Have a look at the specification table below:

|                  | mega1284 | mega644 | mega324 | mega164 | mega32 | mega16 | mega8535 |
|------------------|----------|---------|---------|---------|--------|--------|----------|
| **Flash**        | 128kB    | 64kB    | 32kB    | 16kB    | 32kB   | 16kB   | 8kB      |
| **RAM**          | 16kB     | 4kB     | 2kB     | 1kB     | 2kB    | 1kB    | 512B     |
| **EEPROM**       | 4kB      | 2kB     | 1kB     | 512B    | 512B   | 512B   | 512B     |
| **Serial ports** | 2        | 2       | 2/3*    | 2       | 1      | 1      | 1        |
| **PWM pins**     | 8        | 6       | 6/9*    | 6       | 4      | 4      | 4        |
| **IO pins**      | 32       | 32      | 32/39*  | 32      | 32     | 32     | 32       |

<b>*</b> ATmega324PB has 3 serial ports, 9 PWM pins and 39 IO pins if internal oscillator is used.

## Supported clock frequencies

MightyCore supports a variety of different clock frequencies. Select the microcontroller in the boards menu, then select the clock frequency. You'll have to hit "Burn bootloader" in order to set the correct fuses and upload the correct bootloader.  
Make sure you connect an ISP programmer, and select the correct one in the "Programmers" menu. For time critical operations an external crystal/oscillator is recommended.  

You might experience upload issues when using the internal oscillator. It's factory calibrated but may be a little "off" depending on the calibration, ambient temperature and operating voltage. If uploading failes while using the 8 MHz internal oscillator you have these options:
* Edit the baudrate line in the [boards.txt](https://github.com/MCUdude/MightyCore/blob/d2a34e027e922631bbed8b4bd60824d5b1eb94cd/avr/boards.txt#L161) file, and choose either 115200, 57600, 38400 or 19200 baud.
* Upload the code using a programmer (USBasp, USBtinyISP etc.) or skip the bootloader by holding down the shift key while clicking the "Upload" button
* Use the 1 MHz option instead

| Frequency   | Oscillator type             | Comment                                                       |
|-------------|-----------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| 16 MHz      | External crystal/oscillator | Default clock on most AVR based Arduino boards and MightyCore |
| 20 MHz      | External crystal/oscillator | 
| 18.4320 MHz | External crystal/oscillator | Great clock for UART communication with no error              |
| 14.7456 MHz | External crystal/oscillator | Great clock for UART communication with no error              |
| 12 MHz      | External crystal/oscillator | Useful when working with USB 1.1 (12 Mbit/s)                  |
| 11.0592 MHz | External crystal/oscillator | Great clock for UART communication with no error              |
| 8 MHz       | External crystal/oscillator | Common clock when working with 3.3V                           |
| 7.3728 MHz  | External crystal/oscillator | Great clock for UART communication with no error              |
| 3.6864 MHz  | External crystal/oscillator | Great clock for UART communication with no error              |
| 1.8432 MHz  | External crystal/oscillator | Great clock for UART communication with no error              |
| 8 MHz       | Internal oscillator         | Might cause UART upload issues. See comment above this table  |
| 1 MHz       | Internal oscillator         | Derived from the 8 MHz internal oscillator                    |


## Bootloader option
MightyCore lets you select which serial port you want to use for uploading. UART0 is the default port for all targets, but ATmega324/644/1284 can also use UART1 for upload.
If your application doesn't need or require a bootloader for uploading you can also choose to disable it by selecting *No bootloader*.
This frees 512 bytes of flash memory on ATmega8535/16/32/164/324 and 1024 bytes on ATmega644/1284.

Note that you have need to connect a programmer and hit **Burn bootloader** if you want to change any of the *Bootloader settings*.


## BOD option
Brown out detection, or BOD for short lets the microcontroller sense the input voltage and shut down if the voltage goes below the brown out setting. To change the BOD settings you'll have to connect an ISP programmer and hit "Burn bootloader". Below is a table that shows the available BOD options:
<br/>

| ATmega1284 | Atmega644 | ATmega324 | ATmega164 | ATmega32 | ATmega16 | ATmega8535 |
|------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|------------|
| 4.3V       | 4.3V      | 4.3V      | 4.3V      | 4.0V     | 4.0V     | 4.0V       |
| 2.7V       | 2.7V      | 2.7V      | 2.7V      | 2.7V     | 2.7V     | 2.7V       |
| 1.8V       | 1.8V      | 1.8V      | 1.8V      | -        | -        | -          |
| Disabled   | Disabled  | Disabled  | Disabled  | Disabled | Disabled | Disabled   |


## Link time optimization / LTO
Link time optimization (LTO for short) has been supported by the IDE since v1.6.11. The LTO optimizes the code at link time, making the code (often) significantly smaller without making it "slower". In Arduino IDE 1.6.11 and newer LTO is enabled by default. I've chosen to disable this by default to make sure the core keep backward compatibility. Enabling LTO in IDE 1.6.10 and older will return an error. 
I encourage you to try the new LTO option and see how much smaller your code gets! Note that you don't need to hit "Burn Bootloader" in order to enable LTO. Simply enable it in the "Tools" menu, and your code is ready for compilation. If you want to read more about LTO and GCC flags in general, head over to the [GNU GCC website](https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Optimize-Options.html)!
<br/> <br/>
Here's some raw numbers. These sketches were compiled for an **ATmega1284** using **Arduino IDE 1.6.12 (avr-gcc 4.9.2)**.
<br/>

|                  | Blink.ino  | AnalogReadSerial.ino  | SerialReadWrite.ino | CardInfo.ino |
|------------------|------------|-----------------------|---------------------|--------------|
| **LTO enabled**  | 1084 bytes | 1974 bytes            | 7190 bytes          | 9416 bytes   |
| **LTO disabled** | 1216 bytes | 2414 bytes            | 7710 bytes          | 11518 bytes  |


## Printf support
Unlike the official Arduino cores, MightyCore has printf support out of the box. If you're not familiar with printf you should probably [read this first](https://www.tutorialspoint.com/c_standard_library/c_function_printf.htm). It's added to the Print class and will work with all libraries that inherit Print. Printf is a standard C function that lets you format text much easier than using Arduino's built-in print and println. Note that this implementation of printf will NOT print floats or doubles. This is a limitation of the avr-libc printf implementation on AVR microcontrollers, and nothing I can easily fix.

If you're using a serial port, simply use `Serial.printf("Milliseconds since start: %ld\n", millis());`. Other libraries that inherit the Print class (and thus supports printf) are the LiquidCrystal LCD library and the U8G2 graphical LCD library.


## Pinout
This core has three different pinout options:
- **Standard**: The default pinout, and is based on the original AVR pinout.
- **Bobuino**: Basically an Arduino UNO pinout setting. This pinout version is great for using with shields or code that's written for the Arduino UNO, as the pin functions stay the same (MOSI on D11, MISO on D12, SCK on D13).
- **Sanguino**: This pinout is common on older 3D printer controllers such as the Sanguino, RepRap Sanguinololu, and RepRap Gen7. This pinout is also known as "avr_developers".

Please have a look at the (`pins_arduino.h`) files for detailed info. Pick your favorite!</br> </br>
<b>Click to enlarge:</b> 



| **MightyCore Standard pinout**                                                                                                                                           | **MightyCore Bobuino pinout**                                                                                                                                            | **MightyCore Sanguino pinout**                                                                                                                                           |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|<img src="https://i.imgur.com/zBNPc5b.png" width="260"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/K34xZb4.jpg" width="260"><br/><img src="https://i.imgur.com/TTfOkyF.jpg" width="260">|<img src="https://i.imgur.com/QA66Rfq.png" width="260"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/fYLCeb0.jpg" width="260"><br/><img src="https://i.imgur.com/rNjIzfF.jpg" width="260">|<img src="https://i.imgur.com/xcxjLKE.png" width="260"><img src="https://i.imgur.com/6CNohI4.jpg" width="260"><br/><img src="https://i.imgur.com/e1TzsVN.jpg" width="260">|


## Programmers
MightyCore adds its own copies of all the standard programmers to the "Programmer" menu. You must select the MightyCore copy of the programmer you are using for "Upload Using Programmer" to work with ATmega1284, ATmega324A, ATmega324PB, or ATmega164A.


## Write to own flash
MightyCore implements [@majekw](https://github.com/majekw)'s fork of Optiboot, which enables flash writing functionality within the running application. This means that content from e.g. a sensor can be stored in the flash memory directly, without the need of external memory. Flash memory is much faster than EEPROM, and can handle about 10 000 write cycles.  
Please check out the [Optiboot flasher example](https://github.com/MCUdude/MightyCore/blob/master/avr/libraries/Optiboot_flasher/examples/SerialReadWrite/SerialReadWrite.ino) for more info about how this feature works, and how you can try it on your MightyCore compatible microcontroller.


## How to install
#### Boards Manager Installation
This installation method requires Arduino IDE version 1.6.4 or greater.
* Open the Arduino IDE.
* Open the **File > Preferences** menu item.
* Enter the following URL in **Additional Boards Manager URLs**:
    ```
    https://mcudude.github.io/MightyCore/package_MCUdude_MightyCore_index.json
    ```
* Separate the URLs using a comma ( **,** ) if you have more than one URL
* Open the **Tools > Board > Boards Manager...** menu item.
* Wait for the platform indexes to finish downloading.
* Scroll down until you see the **MightyCore** entry and click on it.
* Click **Install**.
* After installation is complete close the **Boards Manager** window.

#### Manual Installation
Click on the "Download ZIP" button. Extract the ZIP file, and move the extracted folder to the location "**~/Documents/Arduino/hardware**". Create the "hardware" folder if it doesn't exist.
Open Arduino IDE, and a new category in the boards menu called "MightyCore" will show up.

#### ATmega324PB
If you plan to use the ATmega324PB you need the latest version of the Arduino toolchain. This toolchain is available through IDE 1.8.6 or newer. Here's how you install/enable the toolchain:
  - Open the **Tools > Board > Boards Manager...** menu item.
  - Wait for the platform indexes to finish downloading.
  - The top is named **Arduino AVR boards**. Click on this item.
  - Make sure the latest version is installed and selected
  - Close the **Boards Manager** window.

#### PlatformIO
[PlatformIO](http://platformio.org) is an open source ecosystem for IoT development and supports MightyCore.

**See [PlatformIO.md](https://github.com/MCUdude/MightyCore/blob/master/PlatformIO.md) for more information.**


## Getting started with MightyCore
Ok, so you've downloaded and installed MightyCore, but how do you get the wheels spinning? Here's a quick start guide:
* Hook up your microcontroller as shown in the [pinout diagram](#pinout).
  - If you're not planning to use the bootloader (uploading code using a USB to serial adapter), the FTDI header and the 100 nF capacitor on the reset pin can be omitted. 
* Open the **Tools > Board** menu item, and select a MighyCore compatible microcontroller.
* If the *BOD option* is presented, you can select at what voltage the microcontroller will shut down at. Read more about BOD [here](#bod-option).
* Select your prefered pinout. Personally I prefer the standard pinout because it's "cleaner", but the Bobuino pinout is better at Arduino UNO pin compatibility. Read more about the different pinouts [here](#pinouts).
* Select your prefered clock frequency. **16 MHz** is standard on most Arduino boards.
* Select what kind of programmer you're using under the **Programmers** menu.
* If the *Variants* option is presented, you'll have to specify what version of the microcontroller you're using. E.g the ATmega1284 and the ATmega1284P have different device signatures, so selecting the wrong one will result in an error.
* Hit **Burn Bootloader**. If an LED is connected to pin PB0, it should flash twice every second.
* Now that the correct fuse settings is set and the bootloader burnt, you can upload your code in two ways:
  - Disconnect your programmer tool, and connect a USB to serial adapter to the microcontroller, like shown in the [minimal setup circuit](#minimal-setup). Then select the correct serial port under the **Tools** menu, and click the **Upload** button. If you're getting some kind of timeout error, it means your RX and TX pins are swapped, or your auto reset circuity isn't working properly (the 100 nF capacitor on the reset line).
  - Keep your programmer connected, and hold down the `shift` button while clicking **Upload**. This will erase the bootloader and upload your code using the programmer tool.

Your code should now be running on your microcontroller! If you experience any issues related to bootloader burning or serial uploading, please use *[this forum post](https://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=379427.0)* or create an issue on Github.


## Wiring reference
To extend this core's functionality a bit futher, I've added a few missing Wiring functions. As many of you know Arduino is based on Wiring, but that doesn't mean the Wiring development isn't active. These functions are used as "regular" Arduino functions, and there's no need to include an external library.<br/>
I hope you find this useful, because they really are!

### Function list
* portMode()
* portRead()
* portWrite()
* sleepMode()
* sleep()
* noSleep()
* enablePower() 
* disablePower()

### For more information please view the [Wiring reference page](https://github.com/MCUdude/MightyCore/blob/master/Wiring_reference.md)!


## Library porting
Some users have reported issues when trying to use some 3rd party libraries with the ATmega8535, ATmega16 or ATmega32.
A simple guide on how to port a library can be found <b>[here](https://github.com/MCUdude/MightyCore/blob/master/Library_porting.md)</b>.

## Hardware
I've designed a development board for this particular core. I've added all the functionality I missed with the original Arduino boards, and added the original AVR pinout. 
Not all supported microcontrollers have the same pin functions, and differences are highlighted. The boards measures 8.0 * 10.0 cm (3.15 * 3.94 in)<br/>
The development board has some additional unique features:
* A voltage select jumper to run the microcontroller at 5V or 3.3V
* A breadboard friendly AVR with 32 IO pins, including 8 analog inputs
* All pin located at the same side of the board, making it easy to hook it up to a breadboard
* Male and female IO pin headers
* Plenty of 5V, 3.3V and GND points broken out, both male and female
* A large ground pad on the underside of the board for connecting alligator clips, such as the ground clip of your oscilloscope
* A potentiometer for using as a voltage reference (e.g adjusting the LCD contrast)
* Onboard LED connected to digital pin 0 (PB0)
* A socketed crystal, perfect for experimenting with different clock frequencies
* An auto reset enable header if you don't want the microcontroller to be reset every time you open the serial monitor on your PC
* PWM pins clearly marked and a lookup table that can be found on the under side of the board (three `~` - all microcontrollers, two `~` - 164; 324; 644; 1284, one `~` - 1284)
* IO peripherals written on the underside of the board. No need to search in the datasheet anymore!
* A Mini USB connector instead of a large USB Type-B plug
* All serial hand shake pins broken out for applications such as bit banging (CTS, DTR, RI, DCD, DRT, RST)
* JTAG header for programming and debugging (the JTAG enable fuse must be sat first)

#### [The development board can be bought on my Tindie store.](https://www.tindie.com/products/MCUdude/dip-40-arduino-compatible-development-board/) This includes a pre programmed ATmega32 chip. <br/>
<br/>
Click the images for full resolution <br/>

![Development board front](https://i.imgur.com/CaHA4Qj.jpg)
<br/>

![Development board back](https://i.imgur.com/TJVdZ4n.jpg)
<br/>

![Bottom row](https://i.imgur.com/alK0gAA.jpg)

## Minimal setup
Here is a simple schematic showing a minimal setup using an external crystal. Skip the crystal and the two capacitors if you're using the internal oscillator. <br/>
<b>Click to enlarge:</b> 

| DIP-40 package                                        | TQFP-44 SMD package                                   | ATmega324PB SMD package                               |
|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|
|<img src="https://i.imgur.com/pCiKton.png" width="280">|<img src="https://i.imgur.com/WgvcivB.png" width="280">|<img src="https://i.imgur.com/679DBWF.png" width="280">|