From f2ae486df596295e57da603912091ffab761c55b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yfwang6 Date: Sat, 6 May 2023 16:05:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] wangyongfei6@huawei.com update parse5 to 7.0 Signed-off-by: yfwang6 Change-Id: Ic450d86c9a89ba31ba135248c53afe8f2bad7a30 --- .editorconfig | 12 + .eslintignore | 6 + .eslintrc.json | 57 + .gitattributes | 3 + .gitignore | 10 + .gitmodules | 6 + .husky/pre-commit | 4 + .prettierignore | 5 + .prettierrc | 3 + README.OpenSource | 11 - README.en.md | 25 - README.md | 54 +- SECURITY.md | 10 + bench/.eslintrc.js | 9 - bench/.eslintrc.json | 6 + bench/memory/named-entity-data.js | 15 - bench/memory/sax-parser.js | 57 +- bench/package.json | 9 +- bench/perf/index.js | 116 +- bundle.json | 30 - docs/list-of-packages.md | 1 - docs/version-history.md | 231 +- lerna.json | 5 - package-lock.json | 15398 ++++++++++------ package.json | 82 +- .../parse5-html-rewriting-stream/README.md | 4 +- .../docs/index.md | 259 - .../parse5-html-rewriting-stream/lib/index.js | 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(38%) rename test/utils/{serialize-to-dat-file-format.js => serialize-to-dat-file-format.ts} (65%) create mode 100644 tsconfig.json diff --git a/.editorconfig b/.editorconfig new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eefcf89 --- /dev/null +++ b/.editorconfig @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# This file is for unifying the coding style for different editors and IDEs +# editorconfig.org + +root = true + +[*] +end_of_line = lf +charset = utf-8 +insert_final_newline = true +trim_trailing_whitespace = true +indent_style = space +indent_size = 4 diff --git a/.eslintignore b/.eslintignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91e0bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/.eslintignore @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +test/data/html5lib-tests +test/data/html5lib-tests-fork +packages/*/dist/ +test/dist/ +docs/build/ +node_modules diff --git a/.eslintrc.json b/.eslintrc.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e3d430e --- /dev/null +++ b/.eslintrc.json @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +{ + "env": { + "es2020": true, + "node": true, + "jest": true + }, + "extends": ["eslint:recommended", "prettier", "plugin:unicorn/recommended"], + "rules": { + "no-console": "error", + "curly": ["error", "all"], + "prefer-arrow-callback": "error", + "one-var": ["error", "never"], + "no-var": "error", + "prefer-const": "error", + "object-shorthand": "error", + "prefer-destructuring": [ + "error", + { + "object": true, + "array": false + } + ], + "prefer-template": "error", + "arrow-body-style": ["error", "as-needed"], + + "unicorn/no-null": "off", + "unicorn/prevent-abbreviations": "off", + "unicorn/prefer-string-slice": "off", + "unicorn/prefer-code-point": "off", + "unicorn/no-array-push-push": "off", + "unicorn/no-for-loop": "off", + "unicorn/consistent-destructuring": "off", + "unicorn/prefer-switch": ["error", { "emptyDefaultCase": "do-nothing-comment" }] + }, + "parserOptions": { + "sourceType": "module" + }, + "overrides": [ + { + "files": "*.ts", + "extends": [ + "plugin:@typescript-eslint/eslint-recommended", + "plugin:@typescript-eslint/recommended", + "prettier" + ], + "rules": { + "@typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion": "warn", + "@typescript-eslint/no-explicit-any": "warn", + "@typescript-eslint/explicit-function-return-type": "error", + "@typescript-eslint/no-duplicate-imports": "error", + "@typescript-eslint/consistent-type-imports": "error", + + "@typescript-eslint/no-unused-vars": ["error", { "argsIgnorePattern": "^_" }] + } + } + ] +} diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09948ef --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# Exclude the HTML files from GitHub's language statistics +# https://github.com/github/linguist#using-gitattributes +test/data/* linguist-vendored diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..faaca97 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +.DS_Store +.idea +.vscode +node_modules +docs/build +docs/05_api_reference.md +packages/*/dist/ +test/dist/ +.DS_Store +tsconfig.tsbuildinfo diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56b0a57 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitmodules @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +[submodule "html5lib-tests-fork"] + path = test/data/html5lib-tests-fork + url = https://github.com/HTMLParseErrorWG/html5lib-tests +[submodule "html5lib-tests"] + path = test/data/html5lib-tests + url = https://github.com/html5lib/html5lib-tests.git diff --git a/.husky/pre-commit b/.husky/pre-commit new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0612ad --- /dev/null +++ b/.husky/pre-commit @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +#!/bin/sh +. "$(dirname "$0")/_/husky.sh" + +npm run pre-commit diff --git a/.prettierignore b/.prettierignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4aeb576 --- /dev/null +++ b/.prettierignore @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +packages/*/dist/ +test/dist/ +docs +test/data/html5lib-tests +test/data/html5lib-tests-fork \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.prettierrc b/.prettierrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca3f154 --- /dev/null +++ b/.prettierrc @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +printWidth: 120 +tabWidth: 4 +singleQuote: true diff --git a/README.OpenSource b/README.OpenSource deleted file mode 100644 index dd3ed57..0000000 --- a/README.OpenSource +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "Name": "parse5", - "License": "MIT", - "License File": "NOTICE", - "Version Number": " 6.0.1", - "Owner": "sunbingxin@huawei.com", - "Upstream URL": "https://github.com/inikulin/parse5.git", - "Description": "HTML parser and serializer." - } -] diff --git a/README.en.md b/README.en.md deleted file mode 100644 index ff43d00..0000000 --- a/README.en.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -# third_party_parse5 - -#### Description -HTML parser and serializer. - -#### License -Copyright (c) 2013-2019 Ivan Nikulin (ifaaan@gmail.com, https://github.com/inikulin) - -Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy -of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal -in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights -to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell -copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is -furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: - -The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in -all copies or substantial portions of the Software. - -THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR -IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, -FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE -AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER -LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, -OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN -THE SOFTWARE. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 77f07f3..dd36002 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,25 +1,39 @@ -# third_party_parse5 +

+ + parse5 + +

-#### 介绍 -HTML parser and serializer. +

+HTML parsing/serialization toolset for Node.js. WHATWG HTML Living Standard (aka HTML5)-compliant. +

-#### License -Copyright (c) 2013-2019 Ivan Nikulin (ifaaan@gmail.com, https://github.com/inikulin) +

+ Build Status + NPM Version + Downloads + Downloads total +

-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy -of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal -in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights -to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell -copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is -furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: +

+parse5 provides nearly everything you may need when dealing with HTML. It's the fastest spec-compliant HTML parser +for Node to date. It parses HTML the way the latest version of your browser does. It has proven itself reliable in such projects +as jsdom, Angular, +Lit, Cheerio, +rehype and many more. +

-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in -all copies or substantial portions of the Software. +--- -THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR -IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, -FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE -AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER -LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, -OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN -THE SOFTWARE. \ No newline at end of file +

+ List of parse5 toolset packages +

+ +

+ Online playground +

+ +

+ Changelog +

+

diff --git a/SECURITY.md b/SECURITY.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07eb929 --- /dev/null +++ b/SECURITY.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Security Policy + +## Supported Versions + +Only the current release is supported. Please make sure to update to the latest release. + +## Reporting a Vulnerability + +To report a security vulnerability, please use the [Tidelift security contact](https://tidelift.com/security). +Tidelift will coordinate the fix and disclosure. diff --git a/bench/.eslintrc.js b/bench/.eslintrc.js deleted file mode 100644 index 401a667..0000000 --- a/bench/.eslintrc.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ -module.exports = { - extends: ['../.eslintrc.js'], - rules: { - 'no-console': 'off' - }, - parserOptions: { - ecmaVersion: 8 - } -}; diff --git a/bench/.eslintrc.json b/bench/.eslintrc.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1cb404c --- /dev/null +++ b/bench/.eslintrc.json @@ -0,0 +1,6 @@ +{ + "extends": ["../.eslintrc.json"], + "rules": { + "no-console": "off" + } +} diff --git a/bench/memory/named-entity-data.js b/bench/memory/named-entity-data.js deleted file mode 100644 index bca60f0..0000000 --- a/bench/memory/named-entity-data.js +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15 +0,0 @@ -'use strict'; - -const format = require('human-format'); - -main(); - -function main() { - const before = process.memoryUsage().rss; - - require('../../packages/parse5/lib/tokenizer/named-entity-data'); - - const after = process.memoryUsage().rss; - - console.log('Initial memory consumption: ', format(after - before, { unit: 'B' })); -} diff --git a/bench/memory/sax-parser.js b/bench/memory/sax-parser.js index d1e893c..0460035 100644 --- a/bench/memory/sax-parser.js +++ b/bench/memory/sax-parser.js @@ -1,43 +1,36 @@ -'use strict'; - -const fs = require('fs'); -const format = require('human-format'); -const promisifyEvent = require('promisify-event'); -const memwatch = require('node-memwatch'); -const SAXParser = require('../../packages/parse5-sax-parser/lib'); +import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises'; +import format from 'human-format'; +import memwatch from '@airbnb/node-memwatch'; +import { SAXParser } from '../../packages/parse5-sax-parser/dist/index.js'; +import { finished } from 'parse5-test-utils/dist/common.js'; main(); async function main() { - let parsedDataSize = 0; - let maxMemUsage = 0; - let startDate = null; - let endDate = null; const heapDiffMeasurement = new memwatch.HeapDiff(); - let heapDiff = null; - memwatch.on('stats', stats => { - maxMemUsage = Math.max(maxMemUsage, stats['current_base']); + let maxMemUsage = 0; + + memwatch.on('stats', (stats) => { + maxMemUsage = Math.max(maxMemUsage, stats.used_heap_size); }); - startDate = new Date(); + const statsPromise = new Promise((resolve) => memwatch.once('stats', resolve)); - const parserPromise = parse().then(dataSize => { - parsedDataSize = dataSize; - endDate = new Date(); - heapDiff = heapDiffMeasurement.end(); - }); + const startDate = new Date(); + + const parsedDataSize = await parse(); + const endDate = new Date(); + const heapDiff = heapDiffMeasurement.end(); - await Promise.all([ - parserPromise, - promisifyEvent(memwatch, 'stats') // NOTE: we need at least one `stats` result - ]); + // NOTE: we need at least one `stats` result to get maxMemUsage + await statsPromise; printResults(parsedDataSize, startDate, endDate, heapDiff, maxMemUsage); } async function parse() { - const data = fs.readFileSync('../test/data/huge-page/huge-page.html', 'utf8'); + const data = await readFile(new URL('../../test/data/huge-page/huge-page.html', import.meta.url), 'utf8'); let parsedDataSize = 0; const stream = new SAXParser(); @@ -48,7 +41,7 @@ async function parse() { stream.end(); - await promisifyEvent(stream, 'finish'); + await finished(stream); return parsedDataSize; } @@ -57,16 +50,16 @@ function getDuration(startDate, endDate) { const scale = new format.Scale({ seconds: 1, minutes: 60, - hours: 3600 + hours: 3600, }); - return format((endDate - startDate) / 1000, { scale: scale }); + return format((endDate - startDate) / 1000, { scale }); } function printResults(parsedDataSize, startDate, endDate, heapDiff, maxMemUsage) { console.log('Input data size:', format(parsedDataSize, { unit: 'B' })); - console.log('Duration: ', getDuration(startDate, endDate)); - console.log('Memory before: ', heapDiff.before.size); - console.log('Memory after: ', heapDiff.after.size); - console.log('Memory max: ', format(maxMemUsage, { unit: 'B' })); + console.log('Duration:', getDuration(startDate, endDate)); + console.log('Memory before:', heapDiff.before.size); + console.log('Memory after:', heapDiff.after.size); + console.log('Memory max:', format(maxMemUsage, { unit: 'B' })); } diff --git a/bench/package.json b/bench/package.json index dbb9794..cd8b234 100644 --- a/bench/package.json +++ b/bench/package.json @@ -1,14 +1,15 @@ { "name": "parse5-benchmarks", + "private": "true", + "type": "module", "version": "1.0.0", "description": "parse5 regression benchmarks", "author": "Ivan Nikulin ", "license": "MIT", "dependencies": { "benchmark": "^2.1.4", - "human-format": "^0.7.0", - "node-memwatch": "^1.0.1", - "parse5": "*", - "promisify-event": "^1.0.0" + "human-format": "^1.0.0", + "@airbnb/node-memwatch": "^2.0.0", + "parse5": "npm:parse5" } } diff --git a/bench/perf/index.js b/bench/perf/index.js index ae87e04..2306eab 100644 --- a/bench/perf/index.js +++ b/bench/perf/index.js @@ -1,37 +1,38 @@ -'use strict'; - -const { join } = require('path'); -const { readFileSync, createReadStream, readdirSync } = require('fs'); -const Benchmark = require('benchmark'); -const { loadTreeConstructionTestData } = require('../../test/utils/generate-parsing-tests'); -const loadSAXParserTestData = require('../../test/utils/load-sax-parser-test-data'); -const { treeAdapters, WritableStreamStub } = require('../../test/utils/common'); +import { readFileSync, createReadStream, readdirSync } from 'node:fs'; +import Benchmark from 'benchmark'; +import { loadTreeConstructionTestData } from 'parse5-test-utils/dist/generate-parsing-tests.js'; +import { loadSAXParserTestData } from 'parse5-test-utils/dist/load-sax-parser-test-data.js'; +import { treeAdapters, WritableStreamStub, finished } from 'parse5-test-utils/dist/common.js'; +import * as parse5 from '../../packages/parse5/dist/index.js'; +import { ParserStream as parse5Stream } from '../../packages/parse5-parser-stream/dist/index.js'; +import * as parse5Upstream from 'parse5'; + +const hugePagePath = new URL('../../test/data/huge-page/huge-page.html', import.meta.url); +const treeConstructionPath = new URL('../../test/data/html5lib-tests/tree-construction', import.meta.url); +const saxPath = new URL('../../test/data/sax/', import.meta.url); //HACK: https://github.com/bestiejs/benchmark.js/issues/51 /* global workingCopy, WorkingCopyParserStream, upstreamParser, hugePage, microTests, runMicro, runPages, files */ -global.workingCopy = require('../../packages/parse5/lib'); -global.WorkingCopyParserStream = require('../../packages/parse5-parser-stream/lib'); -global.upstreamParser = require('parse5'); +global.workingCopy = parse5; +global.WorkingCopyParserStream = parse5Stream; +global.upstreamParser = parse5Upstream; // Huge page data -global.hugePage = readFileSync(join(__dirname, '../../test/data/huge-page/huge-page.html')).toString(); +global.hugePage = readFileSync(hugePagePath).toString(); // Micro data -global.microTests = loadTreeConstructionTestData( - [join(__dirname, '../../test/data/html5lib-tests/tree-construction')], - treeAdapters.default -) +global.microTests = loadTreeConstructionTestData(treeConstructionPath, treeAdapters.default) .filter( - test => - //NOTE: this test caused stack overflow in parse5 v1.x + (test) => + //NOTE: this test caused a stack overflow in parse5 v1.x test.input !== ' +or cancel + + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+
    +
  1. + + +JavaScript +100% + +
    2. +
+
+
+ +
+ + +JavaScript + + + +
+
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +branch: +master + + +
+ +
+
+Switch branches/tags + +
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+ +
+ + +
+ +master +
+
+ +
+ +
+

Create branch:

+from ‘master’ +
+ + + +
+ +
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+
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+ +v0.6.0 +
+
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+
+ +
Nothing to show
+
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+
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+ + +
parse5 /
+
+ + + + +
+ + +
+

+htmlparser2 tree adapter tested + +

+
+ +latest commit 3397219353 + +
+Ivan Nikulin + +authored + +
+
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + +lib + +htmlparser2 tree adapter tested +
+ + + +test + +htmlparser2 tree adapter tested +
+ + + +.gitignore + +Merge +
+ + + +LICENSE + +Merge +
+ + + +README.md + +Add a Bitdeli badge to README +
+ + + +index.js + +Implementation of the htmlparser2 tree support started +
+ + + +package.json + +Expose Tokenizer +
+
+ +
+ + +README.md + + +

+parse5

+ +

Fast full-featured HTML parser for Node. Based on WHATWG HTML5 specification.
+To build TestCafé we needed fast and ready for production HTML parser for node.js, which will parse HTML as a modern browser's parser. +Existing solutions were either too slow or their output was too inaccurate. So, this is how parse5 was born.

+ +

+Install

+ +
$ npm install parse5
+
+ +

+Usage and API

+ +
var Parser = require('parse5').Parser;
+
+//Instantiate parser
+var parser = new Parser();
+
+//Then feed it with an HTML document
+var document = parser.parse('<!DOCTYPE html><html><head></head><body>Hi there!</body></html>')
+
+//Now let's parse HTML-snippet
+var fragment = parser.parseFragment('<title>Parse5 is &#102;&#117;&#99;&#107;ing awesome!</title><h1>42</h1>');
+
+
+ +

+Is it fast?

+ +

Check out this benchmark.

+ +
Starting benchmark. Fasten your seatbelts...
+html5 (https://github.com/aredridel/html5) x 0.18 ops/sec ±5.92% (5 runs sampled)
+htmlparser (https://github.com/tautologistics/node-htmlparser/) x 3.83 ops/sec ±42.43% (14 runs sampled)
+htmlparser2 (https://github.com/fb55/htmlparser2) x 4.05 ops/sec ±39.27% (15 runs sampled)
+parse5 (https://github.com/inikulin/parse5) x 3.04 ops/sec ±51.81% (13 runs sampled)
+Fastest is htmlparser2 (https://github.com/fb55/htmlparser2),parse5 (https://github.com/inikulin/parse5)
+
+ +

So, parse5 is as fast as simple specification incompatible parsers and ~15-times(!) faster than the current specification compatible parser available for the node.

+ +

+Testing

+ +

Test data is adopted from html5lib project. Parser is covered by more than 8000 test cases. +To run tests:

+ +
$ node test/run_tests.js
+
+ +

+Custom tree adapter

+ +

You can create a custom tree adapter so parse5 can work with your own DOM-tree implementation. +Just pass your adapter implementation to the parser's constructor as an argument:

+ +
var Parser = require('parse5').Parser;
+
+var myTreeAdapter = {
+//Adapter methods...
+};
+
+//Instantiate parser
+var parser = new Parser(myTreeAdapter);
+
+ +

Sample implementation can be found here. +The custom tree adapter should implement all methods exposed via exports in the sample implementation.

+ +

+Questions or suggestions?

+ +

If you have any questions, please feel free to create an issue here on github.

+ +

+Author

+ +

Ivan Nikulin (ifaaan@gmail.com)

+ +

Bitdeli Badge

+
+ + + + + +
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+
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+ + + +
+ + +Something went wrong with that request. Please try again. +
+ + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/data/location-info/whatwg-html/data.html b/test/data/location-info/whatwg-html/data.html index ffffa58..77ed8fe 100644 --- a/test/data/location-info/whatwg-html/data.html +++ b/test/data/location-info/whatwg-html/data.html @@ -1,1305 +1,1305 @@ - -HTML Standard - -

Table of contents

- - -
  1. 1 Introduction -
    1. 1.1 Where does this specification fit?
      2. -
    2. 1.2 Is this HTML5?
      3. -
    3. 1.3 Background
      4. -
    4. 1.4 Audience
      5. -
    5. 1.5 Scope
      6. -
    6. 1.6 History
      7. -
    7. 1.7 Design notes -
      1. 1.7.1 Serializability of script execution
        2. -
      2. 1.7.2 Compliance with other specifications
        3. -
      3. 1.7.3 Extensibility
      8. -
    8. 1.8 HTML vs XHTML
      9. -
    9. 1.9 Structure of this specification -
      1. 1.9.1 How to read this specification
        2. -
      2. 1.9.2 Typographic conventions
      10. -
    10. 1.10 Privacy concerns
      11. -
    11. 1.11 A quick introduction to HTML -
      1. 1.11.1 Writing secure applications with HTML
        2. -
      2. 1.11.2 Common pitfalls to avoid when using the scripting APIs
        3. -
      3. 1.11.3 How to catch mistakes when writing HTML: validators and conformance checkers
      12. -
    12. 1.12 Conformance requirements for authors -
      1. 1.12.1 Presentational markup
        2. -
      2. 1.12.2 Syntax errors
        3. -
      3. 1.12.3 Restrictions on content models and on attribute values
      13. -
    13. 1.13 Suggested reading
    2. -
  2. 2 Common infrastructure -
    1. 2.1 Terminology -
      1. 2.1.1 Resources
        2. -
      2. 2.1.2 XML
        3. -
      3. 2.1.3 DOM trees
        4. -
      4. 2.1.4 Scripting
        5. -
      5. 2.1.5 Plugins
        6. -
      6. 2.1.6 Character encodings
      2. -
    2. 2.2 Conformance requirements -
      1. 2.2.1 Conformance classes
        2. -
      2. 2.2.2 Dependencies
        3. -
      3. 2.2.3 Extensibility
        4. -
      4. 2.2.4 Interactions with XPath and XSLT
      3. -
    3. 2.3 Case-sensitivity and string comparison
      4. -
    4. 2.4 Common microsyntaxes -
      1. 2.4.1 Common parser idioms
        2. -
      2. 2.4.2 Boolean attributes
        3. -
      3. 2.4.3 Keywords and enumerated attributes
        4. -
      4. 2.4.4 Numbers -
        1. 2.4.4.1 Signed integers
          2. -
        2. 2.4.4.2 Non-negative integers
          3. -
        3. 2.4.4.3 Floating-point numbers
          4. -
        4. 2.4.4.4 Percentages and lengths
          5. -
        5. 2.4.4.5 Lists of integers
          6. -
        6. 2.4.4.6 Lists of dimensions
        5. -
      5. 2.4.5 Dates and times -
        1. 2.4.5.1 Months
          2. -
        2. 2.4.5.2 Dates
          3. -
        3. 2.4.5.3 Yearless dates
          4. -
        4. 2.4.5.4 Times
          5. -
        5. 2.4.5.5 Local dates and times
          6. -
        6. 2.4.5.6 Time zones
          7. -
        7. 2.4.5.7 Global dates and times
          8. -
        8. 2.4.5.8 Weeks
          9. -
        9. 2.4.5.9 Durations
          10. -
        10. 2.4.5.10 Vaguer moments in time
        6. -
      6. 2.4.6 Colors
        7. -
      7. 2.4.7 Space-separated tokens
        8. -
      8. 2.4.8 Comma-separated tokens
        9. -
      9. 2.4.9 References
        10. -
      10. 2.4.10 Media queries
      5. -
    5. 2.5 URLs -
      1. 2.5.1 Terminology
        2. -
      2. 2.5.2 Resolving URLs
        3. -
      3. 2.5.3 Dynamic changes to base URLs
      6. -
    6. 2.6 Fetching resources -
      1. 2.6.1 Terminology
        2. -
      2. 2.6.2 Processing model
        3. -
      3. 2.6.3 Encrypted HTTP and related security concerns
        4. -
      4. 2.6.4 Determining the type of a resource
        5. -
      5. 2.6.5 Extracting character encodings from meta elements
        6. -
      6. 2.6.6 CORS settings attributes
        7. -
      7. 2.6.7 CORS-enabled fetch
      7. -
    7. 2.7 Common DOM interfaces -
      1. 2.7.1 Reflecting content attributes in IDL attributes
        2. -
      2. 2.7.2 Collections -
        1. 2.7.2.1 HTMLAllCollection
          2. -
        2. 2.7.2.2 HTMLFormControlsCollection
          3. -
        3. 2.7.2.3 HTMLOptionsCollection
          4. -
        4. 2.7.2.4 HTMLPropertiesCollection
        3. -
      3. 2.7.3 DOMStringMap
        4. -
      4. 2.7.4 DOMElementMap
        5. -
      5. 2.7.5 Transferable objects
        6. -
      6. 2.7.6 Safe passing of structured data
        7. -
      7. 2.7.7 Callbacks
        8. -
      8. 2.7.8 Garbage collection
      8. -
    8. 2.8 Namespaces
    3. -
  3. 3 Semantics, structure, and APIs of HTML documents -
    1. 3.1 Documents -
      1. 3.1.1 The Document object
        2. -
      2. 3.1.2 Resource metadata management
        3. -
      3. 3.1.3 DOM tree accessors
        4. -
      4. 3.1.4 Loading XML documents
      2. -
    2. 3.2 Elements -
      1. 3.2.1 Semantics
        2. -
      2. 3.2.2 Elements in the DOM
        3. -
      3. 3.2.3 Element definitions -
        1. 3.2.3.1 Attributes
        4. -
      4. 3.2.4 Content models -
        1. 3.2.4.1 Kinds of content -
          1. 3.2.4.1.1 Metadata content
            2. -
          2. 3.2.4.1.2 Flow content
            3. -
          3. 3.2.4.1.3 Sectioning content
            4. -
          4. 3.2.4.1.4 Heading content
            5. -
          5. 3.2.4.1.5 Phrasing content
            6. -
          6. 3.2.4.1.6 Embedded content
            7. -
          7. 3.2.4.1.7 Interactive content
            8. -
          8. 3.2.4.1.8 Palpable content
            9. -
          9. 3.2.4.1.9 Script-supporting elements
          2. -
        2. 3.2.4.2 Transparent content models
          3. -
        3. 3.2.4.3 Paragraphs
        5. -
      5. 3.2.5 Global attributes -
        1. 3.2.5.1 The id attribute
          2. -
        2. 3.2.5.2 The title attribute
          3. -
        3. 3.2.5.3 The lang and xml:lang attributes
          4. -
        4. 3.2.5.4 The translate attribute
          5. -
        5. 3.2.5.5 The xml:base attribute (XML only)
          6. -
        6. 3.2.5.6 The dir attribute
          7. -
        7. 3.2.5.7 The class attribute
          8. -
        8. 3.2.5.8 The style attribute
          9. -
        9. 3.2.5.9 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes
        6. -
      6. 3.2.6 Requirements relating to the bidirectional algorithm -
        1. 3.2.6.1 Authoring conformance criteria for bidirectional-algorithm formatting characters
          2. -
        2. 3.2.6.2 User agent conformance criteria
        7. -
      7. 3.2.7 WAI-ARIA
    4. -
  4. 4 The elements of HTML -
    1. 4.1 The root element -
      1. 4.1.1 The html element
      2. -
    2. 4.2 Document metadata -
      1. 4.2.1 The head element
        2. -
      2. 4.2.2 The title element
        3. -
      3. 4.2.3 The base element
        4. -
      4. 4.2.4 The link element
        5. -
      5. 4.2.5 The meta element -
        1. 4.2.5.1 Standard metadata names
          2. -
        2. 4.2.5.2 Other metadata names
          3. -
        3. 4.2.5.3 Pragma directives
          4. -
        4. 4.2.5.4 Other pragma directives
          5. -
        5. 4.2.5.5 Specifying the document's character encoding
        6. -
      6. 4.2.6 The style element -
        1. 4.2.6.1 The @global rule
        7. -
      7. 4.2.7 Interactions of styling and scripting
      3. -
    3. 4.3 Sections -
      1. 4.3.1 The body element
        2. -
      2. 4.3.2 The article element
        3. -
      3. 4.3.3 The section element
        4. -
      4. 4.3.4 The nav element
        5. -
      5. 4.3.5 The aside element
        6. -
      6. 4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and -h6 elements
        7. -
      7. 4.3.7 The hgroup element
        8. -
      8. 4.3.8 The header element
        9. -
      9. 4.3.9 The footer element
        10. -
      10. 4.3.10 The address element
        11. -
      11. 4.3.11 Headings and sections -
        1. 4.3.11.1 Creating an outline
          2. -
        2. 4.3.11.2 Sample outlines
        12. -
      12. 4.3.12 Usage summary -
        1. 4.3.12.1 Article or section?
      4. -
    4. 4.4 Grouping content -
      1. 4.4.1 The p element
        2. -
      2. 4.4.2 The hr element
        3. -
      3. 4.4.3 The pre element
        4. -
      4. 4.4.4 The blockquote element
        5. -
      5. 4.4.5 The ol element
        6. -
      6. 4.4.6 The ul element
        7. -
      7. 4.4.7 The li element
        8. -
      8. 4.4.8 The dl element
        9. -
      9. 4.4.9 The dt element
        10. -
      10. 4.4.10 The dd element
        11. -
      11. 4.4.11 The figure element
        12. -
      12. 4.4.12 The figcaption element
        13. -
      13. 4.4.13 The main element
        14. -
      14. 4.4.14 The div element
      5. -
    5. 4.5 Text-level semantics -
      1. 4.5.1 The a element
        2. -
      2. 4.5.2 The em element
        3. -
      3. 4.5.3 The strong element
        4. -
      4. 4.5.4 The small element
        5. -
      5. 4.5.5 The s element
        6. -
      6. 4.5.6 The cite element
        7. -
      7. 4.5.7 The q element
        8. -
      8. 4.5.8 The dfn element
        9. -
      9. 4.5.9 The abbr element
        10. -
      10. 4.5.10 The data element
        11. -
      11. 4.5.11 The time element
        12. -
      12. 4.5.12 The code element
        13. -
      13. 4.5.13 The var element
        14. -
      14. 4.5.14 The samp element
        15. -
      15. 4.5.15 The kbd element
        16. -
      16. 4.5.16 The sub and sup elements
        17. -
      17. 4.5.17 The i element
        18. -
      18. 4.5.18 The b element
        19. -
      19. 4.5.19 The u element
        20. -
      20. 4.5.20 The mark element
        21. -
      21. 4.5.21 The ruby element
        22. -
      22. 4.5.22 The rt element
        23. -
      23. 4.5.23 The rp element
        24. -
      24. 4.5.24 The bdi element
        25. -
      25. 4.5.25 The bdo element
        26. -
      26. 4.5.26 The span element
        27. -
      27. 4.5.27 The br element
        28. -
      28. 4.5.28 The wbr element
        29. -
      29. 4.5.29 Usage summary
      6. -
    6. 4.6 Edits -
      1. 4.6.1 The ins element
        2. -
      2. 4.6.2 The del element
        3. -
      3. 4.6.3 Attributes common to ins and del elements
        4. -
      4. 4.6.4 Edits and paragraphs
        5. -
      5. 4.6.5 Edits and lists
        6. -
      6. 4.6.6 Edits and tables
      7. -
    7. 4.7 Embedded content -
      1. 4.7.1 The img element -
        1. 4.7.1.1 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images -
          1. 4.7.1.1.1 General guidelines
            2. -
          2. 4.7.1.1.2 A link or button containing nothing but the image
            3. -
          3. 4.7.1.1.3 A phrase or paragraph with an alternative graphical representation: charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, illustrations
            4. -
          4. 4.7.1.1.4 A short phrase or label with an alternative graphical representation: icons, logos
            5. -
          5. 4.7.1.1.5 Text that has been rendered to a graphic for typographical effect
            6. -
          6. 4.7.1.1.6 A graphical representation of some of the surrounding text
            7. -
          7. 4.7.1.1.7 A purely decorative image that doesn't add any information
            8. -
          8. 4.7.1.1.8 A group of images that form a single larger picture with no links
            9. -
          9. 4.7.1.1.9 A group of images that form a single larger picture with links
            10. -
          10. 4.7.1.1.10 A key part of the content
            11. -
          11. 4.7.1.1.11 An image not intended for the user
            12. -
          12. 4.7.1.1.12 An image in an e-mail or private document intended for a specific person who is known to be able to view images
            13. -
          13. 4.7.1.1.13 Guidance for markup generators
            14. -
          14. 4.7.1.1.14 Guidance for conformance checkers
          2. -
        2. 4.7.1.2 Adaptive images
        2. -
      2. 4.7.2 The iframe element
        3. -
      3. 4.7.3 The embed element
        4. -
      4. 4.7.4 The object element
        5. -
      5. 4.7.5 The param element
        6. -
      6. 4.7.6 The video element
        7. -
      7. 4.7.7 The audio element
        8. -
      8. 4.7.8 The source element
        9. -
      9. 4.7.9 The track element
        10. -
      10. 4.7.10 Media elements -
        1. 4.7.10.1 Error codes
          2. -
        2. 4.7.10.2 Location of the media resource
          3. -
        3. 4.7.10.3 MIME types
          4. -
        4. 4.7.10.4 Network states
          5. -
        5. 4.7.10.5 Loading the media resource
          6. -
        6. 4.7.10.6 Offsets into the media resource
          7. -
        7. 4.7.10.7 Ready states
          8. -
        8. 4.7.10.8 Playing the media resource
          9. -
        9. 4.7.10.9 Seeking
          10. -
        10. 4.7.10.10 Media resources with multiple media tracks -
          1. 4.7.10.10.1 AudioTrackList and VideoTrackList objects
            2. -
          2. 4.7.10.10.2 Selecting specific audio and video tracks declaratively
          11. -
        11. 4.7.10.11 Synchronising multiple media elements -
          1. 4.7.10.11.1 Introduction
            2. -
          2. 4.7.10.11.2 Media controllers
            3. -
          3. 4.7.10.11.3 Assigning a media controller declaratively
          12. -
        12. 4.7.10.12 Timed text tracks -
          1. 4.7.10.12.1 Text track model
            2. -
          2. 4.7.10.12.2 Sourcing in-band text tracks
            3. -
          3. 4.7.10.12.3 Sourcing out-of-band text tracks
            4. -
          4. 4.7.10.12.4 Guidelines for exposing cues in various formats as text track cues
            5. -
          5. 4.7.10.12.5 Text track API
            6. -
          6. 4.7.10.12.6 Text tracks describing chapters
            7. -
          7. 4.7.10.12.7 Event handlers for objects of the text track APIs
            8. -
          8. 4.7.10.12.8 Best practices for metadata text tracks
          13. -
        13. 4.7.10.13 User interface
          14. -
        14. 4.7.10.14 Time ranges
          15. -
        15. 4.7.10.15 The TrackEvent interface
          16. -
        16. 4.7.10.16 Event summary
          17. -
        17. 4.7.10.17 Security and privacy considerations
          18. -
        18. 4.7.10.18 Best practices for authors using media elements
          19. -
        19. 4.7.10.19 Best practices for implementors of media elements
        11. -
      11. 4.7.11 The map element
        12. -
      12. 4.7.12 The area element
        13. -
      13. 4.7.13 Image maps -
        1. 4.7.13.1 Authoring
          2. -
        2. 4.7.13.2 Processing model
        14. -
      14. 4.7.14 MathML
        15. -
      15. 4.7.15 SVG
        16. -
      16. 4.7.16 Dimension attributes
      8. -
    8. 4.8 Links -
      1. 4.8.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 4.8.2 Links created by a and area elements
        3. -
      3. 4.8.3 Following hyperlinks
        4. -
      4. 4.8.4 Downloading resources -
        1. 4.8.4.1 Hyperlink auditing
        5. -
      5. 4.8.5 Link types -
        1. 4.8.5.1 Link type "alternate"
          2. -
        2. 4.8.5.2 Link type "author"
          3. -
        3. 4.8.5.3 Link type "bookmark"
          4. -
        4. 4.8.5.4 Link type "external"
          5. -
        5. 4.8.5.5 Link type "help"
          6. -
        6. 4.8.5.6 Link type "icon"
          7. -
        7. 4.8.5.7 Link type "license"
          8. -
        8. 4.8.5.8 Link type "nofollow"
          9. -
        9. 4.8.5.9 Link type "noreferrer"
          10. -
        10. 4.8.5.10 Link type "pingback"
          11. -
        11. 4.8.5.11 Link type "prefetch"
          12. -
        12. 4.8.5.12 Link type "search"
          13. -
        13. 4.8.5.13 Link type "sidebar"
          14. -
        14. 4.8.5.14 Link type "stylesheet"
          15. -
        15. 4.8.5.15 Link type "tag"
          16. -
        16. 4.8.5.16 Sequential link types -
          1. 4.8.5.16.1 Link type "next"
            2. -
          2. 4.8.5.16.2 Link type "prev"
          17. -
        17. 4.8.5.17 Other link types
      9. -
    9. 4.9 Tabular data -
      1. 4.9.1 The table element -
        1. 4.9.1.1 Techniques for describing tables
          2. -
        2. 4.9.1.2 Techniques for table design
        2. -
      2. 4.9.2 The caption element
        3. -
      3. 4.9.3 The colgroup element
        4. -
      4. 4.9.4 The col element
        5. -
      5. 4.9.5 The tbody element
        6. -
      6. 4.9.6 The thead element
        7. -
      7. 4.9.7 The tfoot element
        8. -
      8. 4.9.8 The tr element
        9. -
      9. 4.9.9 The td element
        10. -
      10. 4.9.10 The th element
        11. -
      11. 4.9.11 Attributes common to td and th elements
        12. -
      12. 4.9.12 Processing model -
        1. 4.9.12.1 Forming a table
          2. -
        2. 4.9.12.2 Forming relationships between data cells and header cells
        13. -
      13. 4.9.13 Table sorting model
        14. -
      14. 4.9.14 Examples
      10. -
    10. 4.10 Forms -
      1. 4.10.1 Introduction -
        1. 4.10.1.1 Writing a form's user interface
          2. -
        2. 4.10.1.2 Implementing the server-side processing for a form
          3. -
        3. 4.10.1.3 Configuring a form to communicate with a server
          4. -
        4. 4.10.1.4 Client-side form validation
          5. -
        5. 4.10.1.5 Enabling client-side automatic filling of form controls
          6. -
        6. 4.10.1.6 Improving the user experience on mobile devices
          7. -
        7. 4.10.1.7 The difference between the field type, the autofill field name, and the input modality
          8. -
        8. 4.10.1.8 Date, time, and number formats
        2. -
      2. 4.10.2 Categories
        3. -
      3. 4.10.3 The form element
        4. -
      4. 4.10.4 The label element
        5. -
      5. 4.10.5 The input element -
        1. 4.10.5.1 States of the type attribute -
          1. 4.10.5.1.1 Hidden state (type=hidden)
            2. -
          2. 4.10.5.1.2 Text (type=text) state and Search state (type=search)
            3. -
          3. 4.10.5.1.3 Telephone state (type=tel)
            4. -
          4. 4.10.5.1.4 URL state (type=url)
            5. -
          5. 4.10.5.1.5 E-mail state (type=email)
            6. -
          6. 4.10.5.1.6 Password state (type=password)
            7. -
          7. 4.10.5.1.7 Date and Time state (type=datetime)
            8. -
          8. 4.10.5.1.8 Date state (type=date)
            9. -
          9. 4.10.5.1.9 Month state (type=month)
            10. -
          10. 4.10.5.1.10 Week state (type=week)
            11. -
          11. 4.10.5.1.11 Time state (type=time)
            12. -
          12. 4.10.5.1.12 Local Date and Time state (type=datetime-local)
            13. -
          13. 4.10.5.1.13 Number state (type=number)
            14. -
          14. 4.10.5.1.14 Range state (type=range)
            15. -
          15. 4.10.5.1.15 Color state (type=color)
            16. -
          16. 4.10.5.1.16 Checkbox state (type=checkbox)
            17. -
          17. 4.10.5.1.17 Radio Button state (type=radio)
            18. -
          18. 4.10.5.1.18 File Upload state (type=file)
            19. -
          19. 4.10.5.1.19 Submit Button state (type=submit)
            20. -
          20. 4.10.5.1.20 Image Button state (type=image)
            21. -
          21. 4.10.5.1.21 Reset Button state (type=reset)
            22. -
          22. 4.10.5.1.22 Button state (type=button)
          2. -
        2. 4.10.5.2 Implemention notes regarding localization of form controls
          3. -
        3. 4.10.5.3 Common input element attributes -
          1. 4.10.5.3.1 The maxlength and minlength attributes
            2. -
          2. 4.10.5.3.2 The size attribute
            3. -
          3. 4.10.5.3.3 The readonly attribute
            4. -
          4. 4.10.5.3.4 The required attribute
            5. -
          5. 4.10.5.3.5 The multiple attribute
            6. -
          6. 4.10.5.3.6 The pattern attribute
            7. -
          7. 4.10.5.3.7 The min and max attributes
            8. -
          8. 4.10.5.3.8 The step attribute
            9. -
          9. 4.10.5.3.9 The list attribute
            10. -
          10. 4.10.5.3.10 The placeholder attribute
          4. -
        4. 4.10.5.4 Common input element APIs
          5. -
        5. 4.10.5.5 Common event behaviors
        6. -
      6. 4.10.6 The button element
        7. -
      7. 4.10.7 The select element
        8. -
      8. 4.10.8 The datalist element
        9. -
      9. 4.10.9 The optgroup element
        10. -
      10. 4.10.10 The option element
        11. -
      11. 4.10.11 The textarea element
        12. -
      12. 4.10.12 The keygen element
        13. -
      13. 4.10.13 The output element
        14. -
      14. 4.10.14 The progress element
        15. -
      15. 4.10.15 The meter element
        16. -
      16. 4.10.16 The fieldset element
        17. -
      17. 4.10.17 The legend element
        18. -
      18. 4.10.18 Form control infrastructure -
        1. 4.10.18.1 A form control's value
          2. -
        2. 4.10.18.2 Mutability
          3. -
        3. 4.10.18.3 Association of controls and forms
        19. -
      19. 4.10.19 Attributes common to form controls -
        1. 4.10.19.1 Naming form controls: the name attribute
          2. -
        2. 4.10.19.2 Submitting element directionality: the dirname attribute
          3. -
        3. 4.10.19.3 Limiting user input length: the maxlength attribute
          4. -
        4. 4.10.19.4 Setting minimum input length requirements: the minlength attribute
          5. -
        5. 4.10.19.5 Enabling and disabling form controls: the disabled attribute
          6. -
        6. 4.10.19.6 Form submission
          7. -
        7. 4.10.19.7 Autofocusing a form control: the autofocus attribute
          8. -
        8. 4.10.19.8 Input modalities: the inputmode attribute
          9. -
        9. 4.10.19.9 Autofilling form controls: the autocomplete attribute
        20. -
      20. 4.10.20 APIs for the text field selections
        21. -
      21. 4.10.21 Constraints -
        1. 4.10.21.1 Definitions
          2. -
        2. 4.10.21.2 Constraint validation
          3. -
        3. 4.10.21.3 The constraint validation API
          4. -
        4. 4.10.21.4 Security
        22. -
      22. 4.10.22 Form submission -
        1. 4.10.22.1 Introduction
          2. -
        2. 4.10.22.2 Implicit submission
          3. -
        3. 4.10.22.3 Form submission algorithm
          4. -
        4. 4.10.22.4 Constructing the form data set
          5. -
        5. 4.10.22.5 Selecting a form submission encoding
          6. -
        6. 4.10.22.6 URL-encoded form data
          7. -
        7. 4.10.22.7 Multipart form data
          8. -
        8. 4.10.22.8 Plain text form data
        23. -
      23. 4.10.23 Resetting a form
      11. -
    11. 4.11 Interactive elements -
      1. 4.11.1 The details element
        2. -
      2. 4.11.2 The summary element
        3. -
      3. 4.11.3 The menu element
        4. -
      4. 4.11.4 The menuitem element
        5. -
      5. 4.11.5 Context menus -
        1. 4.11.5.1 Declaring a context menu
          2. -
        2. 4.11.5.2 Processing model
          3. -
        3. 4.11.5.3 The RelatedEvent interfaces
        6. -
      6. 4.11.6 Commands -
        1. 4.11.6.1 Facets
          2. -
        2. 4.11.6.2 Using the a element to define a command
          3. -
        3. 4.11.6.3 Using the button element to define a command
          4. -
        4. 4.11.6.4 Using the input element to define a command
          5. -
        5. 4.11.6.5 Using the option element to define a command
          6. -
        6. 4.11.6.6 Using the menuitem element to define a -command
          7. -
        7. 4.11.6.7 Using the command attribute on menuitem elements to define -a command indirectly
          8. -
        8. 4.11.6.8 Using the accesskey attribute -on a label element to define a command
          9. -
        9. 4.11.6.9 Using the accesskey attribute -on a legend element to define a command
          10. -
        10. 4.11.6.10 Using the accesskey -attribute to define a command on other elements
        7. -
      7. 4.11.7 The dialog element -
        1. 4.11.7.1 Anchor points
      12. -
    12. 4.12 Scripting -
      1. 4.12.1 The script element -
        1. 4.12.1.1 Scripting languages
          2. -
        2. 4.12.1.2 Restrictions for contents of script elements
          3. -
        3. 4.12.1.3 Inline documentation for external scripts
          4. -
        4. 4.12.1.4 Interaction of script elements and XSLT
        2. -
      2. 4.12.2 The noscript element
        3. -
      3. 4.12.3 The template element -
        1. 4.12.3.1 Interaction of template elements with XSLT and XPath
        4. -
      4. 4.12.4 The canvas element -
        1. 4.12.4.1 Proxying canvases to workers
          2. -
        2. 4.12.4.2 The 2D rendering context -
          1. 4.12.4.2.1 Implementation notes
            2. -
          2. 4.12.4.2.2 The canvas state
            3. -
          3. 4.12.4.2.3 DrawingStyle objects
            4. -
          4. 4.12.4.2.4 Line styles
            5. -
          5. 4.12.4.2.5 Text styles
            6. -
          6. 4.12.4.2.6 Building paths
            7. -
          7. 4.12.4.2.7 Path objects
            8. -
          8. 4.12.4.2.8 Transformations
            9. -
          9. 4.12.4.2.9 Image sources for 2D rendering contexts
            10. -
          10. 4.12.4.2.10 Fill and stroke styles
            11. -
          11. 4.12.4.2.11 Drawing rectangles to the bitmap
            12. -
          12. 4.12.4.2.12 Drawing text to the bitmap
            13. -
          13. 4.12.4.2.13 Drawing paths to the canvas
            14. -
          14. 4.12.4.2.14 Drawing images
            15. -
          15. 4.12.4.2.15 Hit regions
            16. -
          16. 4.12.4.2.16 Pixel manipulation
            17. -
          17. 4.12.4.2.17 Compositing
            18. -
          18. 4.12.4.2.18 Image smoothing
            19. -
          19. 4.12.4.2.19 Shadows
            20. -
          20. 4.12.4.2.20 Drawing model
            21. -
          21. 4.12.4.2.21 Best practices
            22. -
          22. 4.12.4.2.22 Examples
          3. -
        3. 4.12.4.3 Color spaces and color correction
          4. -
        4. 4.12.4.4 Serializing bitmaps to a file
          5. -
        5. 4.12.4.5 Security with canvas elements
      13. -
    13. 4.13 Common idioms without dedicated elements -
      1. 4.13.1 The main part of the content
        2. -
      2. 4.13.2 Bread crumb navigation
        3. -
      3. 4.13.3 Tag clouds
        4. -
      4. 4.13.4 Conversations
        5. -
      5. 4.13.5 Footnotes
      14. -
    14. 4.14 Disabled elements
      15. -
    15. 4.15 Matching HTML elements using selectors -
      1. 4.15.1 Case-sensitivity
        2. -
      2. 4.15.2 Pseudo-classes
    5. -
  5. 5 Microdata -
    1. 5.1 Introduction -
      1. 5.1.1 Overview
        2. -
      2. 5.1.2 The basic syntax
        3. -
      3. 5.1.3 Typed items
        4. -
      4. 5.1.4 Global identifiers for items
        5. -
      5. 5.1.5 Selecting names when defining vocabularies
        6. -
      6. 5.1.6 Using the microdata DOM API
      2. -
    2. 5.2 Encoding microdata -
      1. 5.2.1 The microdata model
        2. -
      2. 5.2.2 Items
        3. -
      3. 5.2.3 Names: the itemprop attribute
        4. -
      4. 5.2.4 Values
        5. -
      5. 5.2.5 Associating names with items
        6. -
      6. 5.2.6 Microdata and other namespaces
      3. -
    3. 5.3 Microdata DOM API
      4. -
    4. 5.4 Sample microdata vocabularies -
      1. 5.4.1 vCard -
        1. 5.4.1.1 Conversion to vCard
          2. -
        2. 5.4.1.2 Examples
        2. -
      2. 5.4.2 vEvent -
        1. 5.4.2.1 Conversion to iCalendar
          2. -
        2. 5.4.2.2 Examples
        3. -
      3. 5.4.3 Licensing works -
        1. 5.4.3.1 Examples
      5. -
    5. 5.5 Converting HTML to other formats -
      1. 5.5.1 JSON
    6. -
  6. 6 Loading Web pages -
    1. 6.1 Browsing contexts -
      1. 6.1.1 Nested browsing contexts -
        1. 6.1.1.1 Navigating nested browsing contexts in the DOM
        2. -
      2. 6.1.2 Auxiliary browsing contexts -
        1. 6.1.2.1 Navigating auxiliary browsing contexts in the DOM
        3. -
      3. 6.1.3 Secondary browsing contexts
        4. -
      4. 6.1.4 Security
        5. -
      5. 6.1.5 Groupings of browsing contexts
        6. -
      6. 6.1.6 Browsing context names
      2. -
    2. 6.2 The Window object -
      1. 6.2.1 Security
        2. -
      2. 6.2.2 APIs for creating and navigating browsing contexts by name
        3. -
      3. 6.2.3 Accessing other browsing contexts
        4. -
      4. 6.2.4 Named access on the Window object
        5. -
      5. 6.2.5 Garbage collection and browsing contexts
        6. -
      6. 6.2.6 Closing browsing contexts
        7. -
      7. 6.2.7 Browser interface elements
        8. -
      8. 6.2.8 The WindowProxy object
      3. -
    3. 6.3 Origin -
      1. 6.3.1 Relaxing the same-origin restriction
      4. -
    4. 6.4 Sandboxing
      5. -
    5. 6.5 Session history and navigation -
      1. 6.5.1 The session history of browsing contexts
        2. -
      2. 6.5.2 The History interface
        3. -
      3. 6.5.3 The Location interface -
        1. 6.5.3.1 Security
        4. -
      4. 6.5.4 Implementation notes for session history
      6. -
    6. 6.6 Browsing the Web -
      1. 6.6.1 Navigating across documents
        2. -
      2. 6.6.2 Page load processing model for HTML files
        3. -
      3. 6.6.3 Page load processing model for XML files
        4. -
      4. 6.6.4 Page load processing model for text files
        5. -
      5. 6.6.5 Page load processing model for multipart/x-mixed-replace resources
        6. -
      6. 6.6.6 Page load processing model for media
        7. -
      7. 6.6.7 Page load processing model for content that uses plugins
        8. -
      8. 6.6.8 Page load processing model for inline -content that doesn't have a DOM
        9. -
      9. 6.6.9 Navigating to a fragment identifier
        10. -
      10. 6.6.10 History traversal -
        1. 6.6.10.1 The PopStateEvent interface
          2. -
        2. 6.6.10.2 The HashChangeEvent interface
          3. -
        3. 6.6.10.3 The PageTransitionEvent interface
        11. -
      11. 6.6.11 Unloading documents -
        1. 6.6.11.1 The BeforeUnloadEvent interface
        12. -
      12. 6.6.12 Aborting a document load
      7. -
    7. 6.7 Offline Web applications -
      1. 6.7.1 Introduction -
        1. 6.7.1.1 Supporting offline caching for legacy applications
          2. -
        2. 6.7.1.2 Event summary
        2. -
      2. 6.7.2 Application caches
        3. -
      3. 6.7.3 The cache manifest syntax -
        1. 6.7.3.1 Some sample manifests
          2. -
        2. 6.7.3.2 Writing cache manifests
          3. -
        3. 6.7.3.3 Parsing cache manifests
        4. -
      4. 6.7.4 Downloading or updating an application cache
        5. -
      5. 6.7.5 The application cache selection algorithm
        6. -
      6. 6.7.6 Changes to the networking model
        7. -
      7. 6.7.7 Expiring application caches
        8. -
      8. 6.7.8 Disk space
        9. -
      9. 6.7.9 Application cache API
        10. -
      10. 6.7.10 Browser state
    7. -
  7. 7 Web application APIs -
    1. 7.1 Scripting -
      1. 7.1.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 7.1.2 Enabling and disabling scripting
        3. -
      3. 7.1.3 Processing model -
        1. 7.1.3.1 Definitions
          2. -
        2. 7.1.3.2 Script settings for browsing contexts
          3. -
        3. 7.1.3.3 Calling scripts
          4. -
        4. 7.1.3.4 Creating scripts
          5. -
        5. 7.1.3.5 Killing scripts
          6. -
        6. 7.1.3.6 Runtime script errors -
          1. 7.1.3.6.1 Runtime script errors in documents
            2. -
          2. 7.1.3.6.2 The ErrorEvent interface
        4. -
      4. 7.1.4 Event loops -
        1. 7.1.4.1 Definitions
          2. -
        2. 7.1.4.2 Processing model
          3. -
        3. 7.1.4.3 Generic task sources
        5. -
      5. 7.1.5 Events -
        1. 7.1.5.1 Event handlers
          2. -
        2. 7.1.5.2 Event handlers on elements, Document objects, and Window objects -
          1. 7.1.5.2.1 IDL definitions
          3. -
        3. 7.1.5.3 Event firing
          4. -
        4. 7.1.5.4 Events and the Window object
      2. -
    2. 7.2 Base64 utility methods
      3. -
    3. 7.3 Dynamic markup insertion -
      1. 7.3.1 Opening the input stream
        2. -
      2. 7.3.2 Closing the input stream
        3. -
      3. 7.3.3 document.write()
        4. -
      4. 7.3.4 document.writeln()
      4. -
    4. 7.4 Timers
      5. -
    5. 7.5 User prompts -
      1. 7.5.1 Simple dialogs
        2. -
      2. 7.5.2 Printing
        3. -
      3. 7.5.3 Dialogs implemented using separate documents
      6. -
    6. 7.6 System state and capabilities -
      1. 7.6.1 The Navigator object -
        1. 7.6.1.1 Client identification
          2. -
        2. 7.6.1.2 Language preferences
          3. -
        3. 7.6.1.3 Custom scheme and content handlers -
          1. 7.6.1.3.1 Security and privacy
            2. -
          2. 7.6.1.3.2 Sample user interface
          4. -
        4. 7.6.1.4 Manually releasing the storage mutex
          5. -
        5. 7.6.1.5 Plugins
        2. -
      2. 7.6.2 The External interface
      7. -
    7. 7.7 Images
    8. -
  8. 8 User interaction -
    1. 8.1 The hidden attribute
      2. -
    2. 8.2 Inert subtrees -
      1. 8.2.1 The inert attribute
      3. -
    3. 8.3 Activation
      4. -
    4. 8.4 Focus -
      1. 8.4.1 Sequential focus navigation and the tabindex attribute
        2. -
      2. 8.4.2 Focus management
        3. -
      3. 8.4.3 Document-level focus APIs
        4. -
      4. 8.4.4 Element-level focus APIs
      5. -
    5. 8.5 Assigning keyboard shortcuts -
      1. 8.5.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 8.5.2 The accesskey attribute
        3. -
      3. 8.5.3 Processing model
      6. -
    6. 8.6 Editing -
      1. 8.6.1 Making document regions editable: The contenteditable content attribute
        2. -
      2. 8.6.2 Making entire documents editable: The designMode IDL attribute
        3. -
      3. 8.6.3 Best practices for in-page editors
        4. -
      4. 8.6.4 Editing APIs
        5. -
      5. 8.6.5 Spelling and grammar checking
      7. -
    7. 8.7 Drag and drop -
      1. 8.7.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 8.7.2 The drag data store
        3. -
      3. 8.7.3 The DataTransfer interface -
        1. 8.7.3.1 The DataTransferItemList interface
          2. -
        2. 8.7.3.2 The DataTransferItem interface
        4. -
      4. 8.7.4 The DragEvent interface
        5. -
      5. 8.7.5 Drag-and-drop processing model
        6. -
      6. 8.7.6 Events summary
        7. -
      7. 8.7.7 The draggable attribute
        8. -
      8. 8.7.8 The dropzone attribute
        9. -
      9. 8.7.9 Security risks in the drag-and-drop model
    9. -
  9. 9 Communication -
    1. 9.1 The MessageEvent interfaces
      2. -
    2. 9.2 Server-sent events -
      1. 9.2.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 9.2.2 The EventSource interface
        3. -
      3. 9.2.3 Processing model
        4. -
      4. 9.2.4 Parsing an event stream
        5. -
      5. 9.2.5 Interpreting an event stream
        6. -
      6. 9.2.6 Authoring notes
        7. -
      7. 9.2.7 Connectionless push and other features
        8. -
      8. 9.2.8 Garbage collection
        9. -
      9. 9.2.9 Implementation advice
        10. -
      10. 9.2.10 IANA considerations -
        1. 9.2.10.1 text/event-stream
          2. -
        2. 9.2.10.2 Last-Event-ID
      3. -
    3. 9.3 Web sockets -
      1. 9.3.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 9.3.2 The WebSocket interface
        3. -
      3. 9.3.3 Feedback from the protocol
        4. -
      4. 9.3.4 Ping and Pong frames
        5. -
      5. 9.3.5 Parsing WebSocket URLs
        6. -
      6. 9.3.6 The CloseEvent interfaces
        7. -
      7. 9.3.7 Garbage collection
      4. -
    4. 9.4 Cross-document messaging -
      1. 9.4.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 9.4.2 Security -
        1. 9.4.2.1 Authors
          2. -
        2. 9.4.2.2 User agents
        3. -
      3. 9.4.3 Posting messages
      5. -
    5. 9.5 Channel messaging -
      1. 9.5.1 Introduction -
        1. 9.5.1.1 Examples
          2. -
        2. 9.5.1.2 Ports as the basis of an object-capability model on the Web
          3. -
        3. 9.5.1.3 Ports as the basis of abstracting out service implementations
        2. -
      2. 9.5.2 Message channels
        3. -
      3. 9.5.3 Message ports
        4. -
      4. 9.5.4 Broadcasting to many ports
        5. -
      5. 9.5.5 Ports and garbage collection
      6. -
    6. 9.6 Broadcasting to other browsing contexts
    10. -
  10. 10 Web workers -
    1. 10.1 Introduction -
      1. 10.1.1 Scope
        2. -
      2. 10.1.2 Examples -
        1. 10.1.2.1 A background number-crunching worker
          2. -
        2. 10.1.2.2 Worker used for background I/O
          3. -
        3. 10.1.2.3 Shared workers introduction
          4. -
        4. 10.1.2.4 Shared state using a shared worker
          5. -
        5. 10.1.2.5 Delegation
        3. -
      3. 10.1.3 Tutorials -
        1. 10.1.3.1 Creating a dedicated worker
          2. -
        2. 10.1.3.2 Communicating with a dedicated worker
          3. -
        3. 10.1.3.3 Shared workers
      2. -
    2. 10.2 Infrastructure -
      1. 10.2.1 The global scope -
        1. 10.2.1.1 The WorkerGlobalScope common interface
          2. -
        2. 10.2.1.2 Dedicated workers and the DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope interface
          3. -
        3. 10.2.1.3 Shared workers and the SharedWorkerGlobalScope interface
        2. -
      2. 10.2.2 The event loop
        3. -
      3. 10.2.3 The worker's lifetime
        4. -
      4. 10.2.4 Processing model
        5. -
      5. 10.2.5 Runtime script errors
        6. -
      6. 10.2.6 Creating workers -
        1. 10.2.6.1 The AbstractWorker abstract interface
          2. -
        2. 10.2.6.2 Script settings for workers
          3. -
        3. 10.2.6.3 Dedicated workers and the Worker interface
          4. -
        4. 10.2.6.4 Shared workers and the SharedWorker interface
      3. -
    3. 10.3 APIs available to workers -
      1. 10.3.1 Importing scripts and libraries
        2. -
      2. 10.3.2 The WorkerNavigator object
        3. -
      3. 10.3.3 Interface objects and constructors
        4. -
      4. 10.3.4 Worker locations
    11. -
  11. 11 Web storage -
    1. 11.1 Introduction
      2. -
    2. 11.2 The API -
      1. 11.2.1 The Storage interface
        2. -
      2. 11.2.2 The sessionStorage attribute
        3. -
      3. 11.2.3 The localStorage attribute
        4. -
      4. 11.2.4 The storage event -
        1. 11.2.4.1 The StorageEvent interface
        5. -
      5. 11.2.5 Threads
      3. -
    3. 11.3 Disk space
      4. -
    4. 11.4 Privacy -
      1. 11.4.1 User tracking
        2. -
      2. 11.4.2 Sensitivity of data
      5. -
    5. 11.5 Security -
      1. 11.5.1 DNS spoofing attacks
        2. -
      2. 11.5.2 Cross-directory attacks
        3. -
      3. 11.5.3 Implementation risks
    12. -
  12. 12 The HTML syntax -
    1. 12.1 Writing HTML documents -
      1. 12.1.1 The DOCTYPE
        2. -
      2. 12.1.2 Elements -
        1. 12.1.2.1 Start tags
          2. -
        2. 12.1.2.2 End tags
          3. -
        3. 12.1.2.3 Attributes
          4. -
        4. 12.1.2.4 Optional tags
          5. -
        5. 12.1.2.5 Restrictions on content models
          6. -
        6. 12.1.2.6 Restrictions on the contents of raw text and escapable raw text elements
        3. -
      3. 12.1.3 Text -
        1. 12.1.3.1 Newlines
        4. -
      4. 12.1.4 Character references
        5. -
      5. 12.1.5 CDATA sections
        6. -
      6. 12.1.6 Comments
      2. -
    2. 12.2 Parsing HTML documents -
      1. 12.2.1 Overview of the parsing model
        2. -
      2. 12.2.2 The input byte stream -
        1. 12.2.2.1 Parsing with a known character encoding
          2. -
        2. 12.2.2.2 Determining the character encoding
          3. -
        3. 12.2.2.3 Character encodings
          4. -
        4. 12.2.2.4 Changing the encoding while parsing
          5. -
        5. 12.2.2.5 Preprocessing the input stream
        3. -
      3. 12.2.3 Parse state -
        1. 12.2.3.1 The insertion mode
          2. -
        2. 12.2.3.2 The stack of open elements
          3. -
        3. 12.2.3.3 The list of active formatting elements
          4. -
        4. 12.2.3.4 The element pointers
          5. -
        5. 12.2.3.5 Other parsing state flags
        4. -
      4. 12.2.4 Tokenization -
        1. 12.2.4.1 Data state
          2. -
        2. 12.2.4.2 Character reference in data state
          3. -
        3. 12.2.4.3 RCDATA state
          4. -
        4. 12.2.4.4 Character reference in RCDATA state
          5. -
        5. 12.2.4.5 RAWTEXT state
          6. -
        6. 12.2.4.6 Script data state
          7. -
        7. 12.2.4.7 PLAINTEXT state
          8. -
        8. 12.2.4.8 Tag open state
          9. -
        9. 12.2.4.9 End tag open state
          10. -
        10. 12.2.4.10 Tag name state
          11. -
        11. 12.2.4.11 RCDATA less-than sign state
          12. -
        12. 12.2.4.12 RCDATA end tag open state
          13. -
        13. 12.2.4.13 RCDATA end tag name state
          14. -
        14. 12.2.4.14 RAWTEXT less-than sign state
          15. -
        15. 12.2.4.15 RAWTEXT end tag open state
          16. -
        16. 12.2.4.16 RAWTEXT end tag name state
          17. -
        17. 12.2.4.17 Script data less-than sign state
          18. -
        18. 12.2.4.18 Script data end tag open state
          19. -
        19. 12.2.4.19 Script data end tag name state
          20. -
        20. 12.2.4.20 Script data escape start state
          21. -
        21. 12.2.4.21 Script data escape start dash state
          22. -
        22. 12.2.4.22 Script data escaped state
          23. -
        23. 12.2.4.23 Script data escaped dash state
          24. -
        24. 12.2.4.24 Script data escaped dash dash state
          25. -
        25. 12.2.4.25 Script data escaped less-than sign state
          26. -
        26. 12.2.4.26 Script data escaped end tag open state
          27. -
        27. 12.2.4.27 Script data escaped end tag name state
          28. -
        28. 12.2.4.28 Script data double escape start state
          29. -
        29. 12.2.4.29 Script data double escaped state
          30. -
        30. 12.2.4.30 Script data double escaped dash state
          31. -
        31. 12.2.4.31 Script data double escaped dash dash state
          32. -
        32. 12.2.4.32 Script data double escaped less-than sign state
          33. -
        33. 12.2.4.33 Script data double escape end state
          34. -
        34. 12.2.4.34 Before attribute name state
          35. -
        35. 12.2.4.35 Attribute name state
          36. -
        36. 12.2.4.36 After attribute name state
          37. -
        37. 12.2.4.37 Before attribute value state
          38. -
        38. 12.2.4.38 Attribute value (double-quoted) state
          39. -
        39. 12.2.4.39 Attribute value (single-quoted) state
          40. -
        40. 12.2.4.40 Attribute value (unquoted) state
          41. -
        41. 12.2.4.41 Character reference in attribute value state
          42. -
        42. 12.2.4.42 After attribute value (quoted) state
          43. -
        43. 12.2.4.43 Self-closing start tag state
          44. -
        44. 12.2.4.44 Bogus comment state
          45. -
        45. 12.2.4.45 Markup declaration open state
          46. -
        46. 12.2.4.46 Comment start state
          47. -
        47. 12.2.4.47 Comment start dash state
          48. -
        48. 12.2.4.48 Comment state
          49. -
        49. 12.2.4.49 Comment end dash state
          50. -
        50. 12.2.4.50 Comment end state
          51. -
        51. 12.2.4.51 Comment end bang state
          52. -
        52. 12.2.4.52 DOCTYPE state
          53. -
        53. 12.2.4.53 Before DOCTYPE name state
          54. -
        54. 12.2.4.54 DOCTYPE name state
          55. -
        55. 12.2.4.55 After DOCTYPE name state
          56. -
        56. 12.2.4.56 After DOCTYPE public keyword state
          57. -
        57. 12.2.4.57 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state
          58. -
        58. 12.2.4.58 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state
          59. -
        59. 12.2.4.59 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state
          60. -
        60. 12.2.4.60 After DOCTYPE public identifier state
          61. -
        61. 12.2.4.61 Between DOCTYPE public and system identifiers state
          62. -
        62. 12.2.4.62 After DOCTYPE system keyword state
          63. -
        63. 12.2.4.63 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state
          64. -
        64. 12.2.4.64 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state
          65. -
        65. 12.2.4.65 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state
          66. -
        66. 12.2.4.66 After DOCTYPE system identifier state
          67. -
        67. 12.2.4.67 Bogus DOCTYPE state
          68. -
        68. 12.2.4.68 CDATA section state
          69. -
        69. 12.2.4.69 Tokenizing character references
        5. -
      5. 12.2.5 Tree construction -
        1. 12.2.5.1 Creating and inserting nodes
          2. -
        2. 12.2.5.2 Parsing elements that contain only text
          3. -
        3. 12.2.5.3 Closing elements that have implied end tags
          4. -
        4. 12.2.5.4 The rules for parsing tokens in HTML content -
          1. 12.2.5.4.1 The "initial" insertion mode
            2. -
          2. 12.2.5.4.2 The "before html" insertion mode
            3. -
          3. 12.2.5.4.3 The "before head" insertion mode
            4. -
          4. 12.2.5.4.4 The "in head" insertion mode
            5. -
          5. 12.2.5.4.5 The "in head noscript" insertion mode
            6. -
          6. 12.2.5.4.6 The "after head" insertion mode
            7. -
          7. 12.2.5.4.7 The "in body" insertion mode
            8. -
          8. 12.2.5.4.8 The "text" insertion mode
            9. -
          9. 12.2.5.4.9 The "in table" insertion mode
            10. -
          10. 12.2.5.4.10 The "in table text" insertion mode
            11. -
          11. 12.2.5.4.11 The "in caption" insertion mode
            12. -
          12. 12.2.5.4.12 The "in column group" insertion mode
            13. -
          13. 12.2.5.4.13 The "in table body" insertion mode
            14. -
          14. 12.2.5.4.14 The "in row" insertion mode
            15. -
          15. 12.2.5.4.15 The "in cell" insertion mode
            16. -
          16. 12.2.5.4.16 The "in select" insertion mode
            17. -
          17. 12.2.5.4.17 The "in select in table" insertion mode
            18. -
          18. 12.2.5.4.18 The "in template" insertion mode
            19. -
          19. 12.2.5.4.19 The "after body" insertion mode
            20. -
          20. 12.2.5.4.20 The "in frameset" insertion mode
            21. -
          21. 12.2.5.4.21 The "after frameset" insertion mode
            22. -
          22. 12.2.5.4.22 The "after after body" insertion mode
            23. -
          23. 12.2.5.4.23 The "after after frameset" insertion mode
          5. -
        5. 12.2.5.5 The rules for parsing tokens in foreign content
        6. -
      6. 12.2.6 The end
        7. -
      7. 12.2.7 Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset
        8. -
      8. 12.2.8 An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser -
        1. 12.2.8.1 Misnested tags: <b><i></b></i>
          2. -
        2. 12.2.8.2 Misnested tags: <b><p></b></p>
          3. -
        3. 12.2.8.3 Unexpected markup in tables
          4. -
        4. 12.2.8.4 Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed
          5. -
        5. 12.2.8.5 The execution of scripts that are moving across multiple documents
          6. -
        6. 12.2.8.6 Unclosed formatting elements
      3. -
    3. 12.3 Serializing HTML fragments
      4. -
    4. 12.4 Parsing HTML fragments
      5. -
    5. 12.5 Named character references
    13. -
  13. 13 The XHTML syntax -
    1. 13.1 Writing XHTML documents
      2. -
    2. 13.2 Parsing XHTML documents
      3. -
    3. 13.3 Serializing XHTML fragments
      4. -
    4. 13.4 Parsing XHTML fragments
    14. -
  14. 14 Rendering -
    1. 14.1 Introduction
      2. -
    2. 14.2 The CSS user agent style sheet and presentational hints
      3. -
    3. 14.3 Non-replaced elements -
      1. 14.3.1 Hidden elements
        2. -
      2. 14.3.2 The page
        3. -
      3. 14.3.3 Flow content
        4. -
      4. 14.3.4 Phrasing content
        5. -
      5. 14.3.5 Bidirectional text
        6. -
      6. 14.3.6 Quotes
        7. -
      7. 14.3.7 Sections and headings
        8. -
      8. 14.3.8 Lists
        9. -
      9. 14.3.9 Tables
        10. -
      10. 14.3.10 Margin collapsing quirks
        11. -
      11. 14.3.11 Form controls
        12. -
      12. 14.3.12 The hr element
        13. -
      13. 14.3.13 The fieldset and legend elements
      4. -
    4. 14.4 Replaced elements -
      1. 14.4.1 Embedded content
        2. -
      2. 14.4.2 Images
        3. -
      3. 14.4.3 Attributes for embedded content and images
        4. -
      4. 14.4.4 Image maps
      5. -
    5. 14.5 Bindings -
      1. 14.5.1 Introduction
        2. -
      2. 14.5.2 The button element
        3. -
      3. 14.5.3 The details element
        4. -
      4. 14.5.4 The input element as a text entry widget
        5. -
      5. 14.5.5 The input element as domain-specific widgets
        6. -
      6. 14.5.6 The input element as a range control
        7. -
      7. 14.5.7 The input element as a color well
        8. -
      8. 14.5.8 The input element as a checkbox and radio button widgets
        9. -
      9. 14.5.9 The input element as a file upload control
        10. -
      10. 14.5.10 The input element as a button
        11. -
      11. 14.5.11 The marquee element
        12. -
      12. 14.5.12 The meter element
        13. -
      13. 14.5.13 The progress element
        14. -
      14. 14.5.14 The select element
        15. -
      15. 14.5.15 The textarea element
        16. -
      16. 14.5.16 The keygen element
      6. -
    6. 14.6 Frames and framesets
      7. -
    7. 14.7 Interactive media -
      1. 14.7.1 Links, forms, and navigation
        2. -
      2. 14.7.2 The title attribute
        3. -
      3. 14.7.3 Editing hosts
        4. -
      4. 14.7.4 Text rendered in native user interfaces
      8. -
    8. 14.8 Print media
      9. -
    9. 14.9 Unstyled XML documents
    15. -
  15. 15 Obsolete features -
    1. 15.1 Obsolete but conforming features -
      1. 15.1.1 Warnings for obsolete but conforming features
      2. -
    2. 15.2 Non-conforming features
      3. -
    3. 15.3 Requirements for implementations -
      1. 15.3.1 The applet element
        2. -
      2. 15.3.2 The marquee element
        3. -
      3. 15.3.3 Frames
        4. -
      4. 15.3.4 Other elements, attributes and APIs
    16. -
  16. 16 IANA considerations -
    1. 16.1 text/html
      2. -
    2. 16.2 multipart/x-mixed-replace
      3. -
    3. 16.3 application/xhtml+xml
      4. -
    4. 16.4 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
      5. -
    5. 16.5 text/cache-manifest
      6. -
    6. 16.6 text/ping
      7. -
    7. 16.7 application/microdata+json
      8. -
    8. 16.8 Ping-From
      9. -
    9. 16.9 Ping-To
      10. -
    10. 16.10 web+ scheme prefix
    17. -
  17. Index -
    1. Elements
      2. -
    2. Element content categories
      3. -
    3. Attributes
      4. -
    4. Element Interfaces
      5. -
    5. All Interfaces
      6. -
    6. Events
    18. -
  18. References
    19. + +HTML Standard + +

    Table of contents

    + + +
    1. 1 Introduction +
      1. 1.1 Where does this specification fit?
        2. +
      2. 1.2 Is this HTML5?
        3. +
      3. 1.3 Background
        4. +
      4. 1.4 Audience
        5. +
      5. 1.5 Scope
        6. +
      6. 1.6 History
        7. +
      7. 1.7 Design notes +
        1. 1.7.1 Serializability of script execution
          2. +
        2. 1.7.2 Compliance with other specifications
          3. +
        3. 1.7.3 Extensibility
        8. +
      8. 1.8 HTML vs XHTML
        9. +
      9. 1.9 Structure of this specification +
        1. 1.9.1 How to read this specification
          2. +
        2. 1.9.2 Typographic conventions
        10. +
      10. 1.10 Privacy concerns
        11. +
      11. 1.11 A quick introduction to HTML +
        1. 1.11.1 Writing secure applications with HTML
          2. +
        2. 1.11.2 Common pitfalls to avoid when using the scripting APIs
          3. +
        3. 1.11.3 How to catch mistakes when writing HTML: validators and conformance checkers
        12. +
      12. 1.12 Conformance requirements for authors +
        1. 1.12.1 Presentational markup
          2. +
        2. 1.12.2 Syntax errors
          3. +
        3. 1.12.3 Restrictions on content models and on attribute values
        13. +
      13. 1.13 Suggested reading
      2. +
    2. 2 Common infrastructure +
      1. 2.1 Terminology +
        1. 2.1.1 Resources
          2. +
        2. 2.1.2 XML
          3. +
        3. 2.1.3 DOM trees
          4. +
        4. 2.1.4 Scripting
          5. +
        5. 2.1.5 Plugins
          6. +
        6. 2.1.6 Character encodings
        2. +
      2. 2.2 Conformance requirements +
        1. 2.2.1 Conformance classes
          2. +
        2. 2.2.2 Dependencies
          3. +
        3. 2.2.3 Extensibility
          4. +
        4. 2.2.4 Interactions with XPath and XSLT
        3. +
      3. 2.3 Case-sensitivity and string comparison
        4. +
      4. 2.4 Common microsyntaxes +
        1. 2.4.1 Common parser idioms
          2. +
        2. 2.4.2 Boolean attributes
          3. +
        3. 2.4.3 Keywords and enumerated attributes
          4. +
        4. 2.4.4 Numbers +
          1. 2.4.4.1 Signed integers
            2. +
          2. 2.4.4.2 Non-negative integers
            3. +
          3. 2.4.4.3 Floating-point numbers
            4. +
          4. 2.4.4.4 Percentages and lengths
            5. +
          5. 2.4.4.5 Lists of integers
            6. +
          6. 2.4.4.6 Lists of dimensions
          5. +
        5. 2.4.5 Dates and times +
          1. 2.4.5.1 Months
            2. +
          2. 2.4.5.2 Dates
            3. +
          3. 2.4.5.3 Yearless dates
            4. +
          4. 2.4.5.4 Times
            5. +
          5. 2.4.5.5 Local dates and times
            6. +
          6. 2.4.5.6 Time zones
            7. +
          7. 2.4.5.7 Global dates and times
            8. +
          8. 2.4.5.8 Weeks
            9. +
          9. 2.4.5.9 Durations
            10. +
          10. 2.4.5.10 Vaguer moments in time
          6. +
        6. 2.4.6 Colors
          7. +
        7. 2.4.7 Space-separated tokens
          8. +
        8. 2.4.8 Comma-separated tokens
          9. +
        9. 2.4.9 References
          10. +
        10. 2.4.10 Media queries
        5. +
      5. 2.5 URLs +
        1. 2.5.1 Terminology
          2. +
        2. 2.5.2 Resolving URLs
          3. +
        3. 2.5.3 Dynamic changes to base URLs
        6. +
      6. 2.6 Fetching resources +
        1. 2.6.1 Terminology
          2. +
        2. 2.6.2 Processing model
          3. +
        3. 2.6.3 Encrypted HTTP and related security concerns
          4. +
        4. 2.6.4 Determining the type of a resource
          5. +
        5. 2.6.5 Extracting character encodings from meta elements
          6. +
        6. 2.6.6 CORS settings attributes
          7. +
        7. 2.6.7 CORS-enabled fetch
        7. +
      7. 2.7 Common DOM interfaces +
        1. 2.7.1 Reflecting content attributes in IDL attributes
          2. +
        2. 2.7.2 Collections +
          1. 2.7.2.1 HTMLAllCollection
            2. +
          2. 2.7.2.2 HTMLFormControlsCollection
            3. +
          3. 2.7.2.3 HTMLOptionsCollection
            4. +
          4. 2.7.2.4 HTMLPropertiesCollection
          3. +
        3. 2.7.3 DOMStringMap
          4. +
        4. 2.7.4 DOMElementMap
          5. +
        5. 2.7.5 Transferable objects
          6. +
        6. 2.7.6 Safe passing of structured data
          7. +
        7. 2.7.7 Callbacks
          8. +
        8. 2.7.8 Garbage collection
        8. +
      8. 2.8 Namespaces
      3. +
    3. 3 Semantics, structure, and APIs of HTML documents +
      1. 3.1 Documents +
        1. 3.1.1 The Document object
          2. +
        2. 3.1.2 Resource metadata management
          3. +
        3. 3.1.3 DOM tree accessors
          4. +
        4. 3.1.4 Loading XML documents
        2. +
      2. 3.2 Elements +
        1. 3.2.1 Semantics
          2. +
        2. 3.2.2 Elements in the DOM
          3. +
        3. 3.2.3 Element definitions +
          1. 3.2.3.1 Attributes
          4. +
        4. 3.2.4 Content models +
          1. 3.2.4.1 Kinds of content +
            1. 3.2.4.1.1 Metadata content
              2. +
            2. 3.2.4.1.2 Flow content
              3. +
            3. 3.2.4.1.3 Sectioning content
              4. +
            4. 3.2.4.1.4 Heading content
              5. +
            5. 3.2.4.1.5 Phrasing content
              6. +
            6. 3.2.4.1.6 Embedded content
              7. +
            7. 3.2.4.1.7 Interactive content
              8. +
            8. 3.2.4.1.8 Palpable content
              9. +
            9. 3.2.4.1.9 Script-supporting elements
            2. +
          2. 3.2.4.2 Transparent content models
            3. +
          3. 3.2.4.3 Paragraphs
          5. +
        5. 3.2.5 Global attributes +
          1. 3.2.5.1 The id attribute
            2. +
          2. 3.2.5.2 The title attribute
            3. +
          3. 3.2.5.3 The lang and xml:lang attributes
            4. +
          4. 3.2.5.4 The translate attribute
            5. +
          5. 3.2.5.5 The xml:base attribute (XML only)
            6. +
          6. 3.2.5.6 The dir attribute
            7. +
          7. 3.2.5.7 The class attribute
            8. +
          8. 3.2.5.8 The style attribute
            9. +
          9. 3.2.5.9 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes
          6. +
        6. 3.2.6 Requirements relating to the bidirectional algorithm +
          1. 3.2.6.1 Authoring conformance criteria for bidirectional-algorithm formatting characters
            2. +
          2. 3.2.6.2 User agent conformance criteria
          7. +
        7. 3.2.7 WAI-ARIA
      4. +
    4. 4 The elements of HTML +
      1. 4.1 The root element +
        1. 4.1.1 The html element
        2. +
      2. 4.2 Document metadata +
        1. 4.2.1 The head element
          2. +
        2. 4.2.2 The title element
          3. +
        3. 4.2.3 The base element
          4. +
        4. 4.2.4 The link element
          5. +
        5. 4.2.5 The meta element +
          1. 4.2.5.1 Standard metadata names
            2. +
          2. 4.2.5.2 Other metadata names
            3. +
          3. 4.2.5.3 Pragma directives
            4. +
          4. 4.2.5.4 Other pragma directives
            5. +
          5. 4.2.5.5 Specifying the document's character encoding
          6. +
        6. 4.2.6 The style element +
          1. 4.2.6.1 The @global rule
          7. +
        7. 4.2.7 Interactions of styling and scripting
        3. +
      3. 4.3 Sections +
        1. 4.3.1 The body element
          2. +
        2. 4.3.2 The article element
          3. +
        3. 4.3.3 The section element
          4. +
        4. 4.3.4 The nav element
          5. +
        5. 4.3.5 The aside element
          6. +
        6. 4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and +h6 elements
          7. +
        7. 4.3.7 The hgroup element
          8. +
        8. 4.3.8 The header element
          9. +
        9. 4.3.9 The footer element
          10. +
        10. 4.3.10 The address element
          11. +
        11. 4.3.11 Headings and sections +
          1. 4.3.11.1 Creating an outline
            2. +
          2. 4.3.11.2 Sample outlines
          12. +
        12. 4.3.12 Usage summary +
          1. 4.3.12.1 Article or section?
        4. +
      4. 4.4 Grouping content +
        1. 4.4.1 The p element
          2. +
        2. 4.4.2 The hr element
          3. +
        3. 4.4.3 The pre element
          4. +
        4. 4.4.4 The blockquote element
          5. +
        5. 4.4.5 The ol element
          6. +
        6. 4.4.6 The ul element
          7. +
        7. 4.4.7 The li element
          8. +
        8. 4.4.8 The dl element
          9. +
        9. 4.4.9 The dt element
          10. +
        10. 4.4.10 The dd element
          11. +
        11. 4.4.11 The figure element
          12. +
        12. 4.4.12 The figcaption element
          13. +
        13. 4.4.13 The main element
          14. +
        14. 4.4.14 The div element
        5. +
      5. 4.5 Text-level semantics +
        1. 4.5.1 The a element
          2. +
        2. 4.5.2 The em element
          3. +
        3. 4.5.3 The strong element
          4. +
        4. 4.5.4 The small element
          5. +
        5. 4.5.5 The s element
          6. +
        6. 4.5.6 The cite element
          7. +
        7. 4.5.7 The q element
          8. +
        8. 4.5.8 The dfn element
          9. +
        9. 4.5.9 The abbr element
          10. +
        10. 4.5.10 The data element
          11. +
        11. 4.5.11 The time element
          12. +
        12. 4.5.12 The code element
          13. +
        13. 4.5.13 The var element
          14. +
        14. 4.5.14 The samp element
          15. +
        15. 4.5.15 The kbd element
          16. +
        16. 4.5.16 The sub and sup elements
          17. +
        17. 4.5.17 The i element
          18. +
        18. 4.5.18 The b element
          19. +
        19. 4.5.19 The u element
          20. +
        20. 4.5.20 The mark element
          21. +
        21. 4.5.21 The ruby element
          22. +
        22. 4.5.22 The rt element
          23. +
        23. 4.5.23 The rp element
          24. +
        24. 4.5.24 The bdi element
          25. +
        25. 4.5.25 The bdo element
          26. +
        26. 4.5.26 The span element
          27. +
        27. 4.5.27 The br element
          28. +
        28. 4.5.28 The wbr element
          29. +
        29. 4.5.29 Usage summary
        6. +
      6. 4.6 Edits +
        1. 4.6.1 The ins element
          2. +
        2. 4.6.2 The del element
          3. +
        3. 4.6.3 Attributes common to ins and del elements
          4. +
        4. 4.6.4 Edits and paragraphs
          5. +
        5. 4.6.5 Edits and lists
          6. +
        6. 4.6.6 Edits and tables
        7. +
      7. 4.7 Embedded content +
        1. 4.7.1 The img element +
          1. 4.7.1.1 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images +
            1. 4.7.1.1.1 General guidelines
              2. +
            2. 4.7.1.1.2 A link or button containing nothing but the image
              3. +
            3. 4.7.1.1.3 A phrase or paragraph with an alternative graphical representation: charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, illustrations
              4. +
            4. 4.7.1.1.4 A short phrase or label with an alternative graphical representation: icons, logos
              5. +
            5. 4.7.1.1.5 Text that has been rendered to a graphic for typographical effect
              6. +
            6. 4.7.1.1.6 A graphical representation of some of the surrounding text
              7. +
            7. 4.7.1.1.7 A purely decorative image that doesn't add any information
              8. +
            8. 4.7.1.1.8 A group of images that form a single larger picture with no links
              9. +
            9. 4.7.1.1.9 A group of images that form a single larger picture with links
              10. +
            10. 4.7.1.1.10 A key part of the content
              11. +
            11. 4.7.1.1.11 An image not intended for the user
              12. +
            12. 4.7.1.1.12 An image in an e-mail or private document intended for a specific person who is known to be able to view images
              13. +
            13. 4.7.1.1.13 Guidance for markup generators
              14. +
            14. 4.7.1.1.14 Guidance for conformance checkers
            2. +
          2. 4.7.1.2 Adaptive images
          2. +
        2. 4.7.2 The iframe element
          3. +
        3. 4.7.3 The embed element
          4. +
        4. 4.7.4 The object element
          5. +
        5. 4.7.5 The param element
          6. +
        6. 4.7.6 The video element
          7. +
        7. 4.7.7 The audio element
          8. +
        8. 4.7.8 The source element
          9. +
        9. 4.7.9 The track element
          10. +
        10. 4.7.10 Media elements +
          1. 4.7.10.1 Error codes
            2. +
          2. 4.7.10.2 Location of the media resource
            3. +
          3. 4.7.10.3 MIME types
            4. +
          4. 4.7.10.4 Network states
            5. +
          5. 4.7.10.5 Loading the media resource
            6. +
          6. 4.7.10.6 Offsets into the media resource
            7. +
          7. 4.7.10.7 Ready states
            8. +
          8. 4.7.10.8 Playing the media resource
            9. +
          9. 4.7.10.9 Seeking
            10. +
          10. 4.7.10.10 Media resources with multiple media tracks +
            1. 4.7.10.10.1 AudioTrackList and VideoTrackList objects
              2. +
            2. 4.7.10.10.2 Selecting specific audio and video tracks declaratively
            11. +
          11. 4.7.10.11 Synchronising multiple media elements +
            1. 4.7.10.11.1 Introduction
              2. +
            2. 4.7.10.11.2 Media controllers
              3. +
            3. 4.7.10.11.3 Assigning a media controller declaratively
            12. +
          12. 4.7.10.12 Timed text tracks +
            1. 4.7.10.12.1 Text track model
              2. +
            2. 4.7.10.12.2 Sourcing in-band text tracks
              3. +
            3. 4.7.10.12.3 Sourcing out-of-band text tracks
              4. +
            4. 4.7.10.12.4 Guidelines for exposing cues in various formats as text track cues
              5. +
            5. 4.7.10.12.5 Text track API
              6. +
            6. 4.7.10.12.6 Text tracks describing chapters
              7. +
            7. 4.7.10.12.7 Event handlers for objects of the text track APIs
              8. +
            8. 4.7.10.12.8 Best practices for metadata text tracks
            13. +
          13. 4.7.10.13 User interface
            14. +
          14. 4.7.10.14 Time ranges
            15. +
          15. 4.7.10.15 The TrackEvent interface
            16. +
          16. 4.7.10.16 Event summary
            17. +
          17. 4.7.10.17 Security and privacy considerations
            18. +
          18. 4.7.10.18 Best practices for authors using media elements
            19. +
          19. 4.7.10.19 Best practices for implementors of media elements
          11. +
        11. 4.7.11 The map element
          12. +
        12. 4.7.12 The area element
          13. +
        13. 4.7.13 Image maps +
          1. 4.7.13.1 Authoring
            2. +
          2. 4.7.13.2 Processing model
          14. +
        14. 4.7.14 MathML
          15. +
        15. 4.7.15 SVG
          16. +
        16. 4.7.16 Dimension attributes
        8. +
      8. 4.8 Links +
        1. 4.8.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 4.8.2 Links created by a and area elements
          3. +
        3. 4.8.3 Following hyperlinks
          4. +
        4. 4.8.4 Downloading resources +
          1. 4.8.4.1 Hyperlink auditing
          5. +
        5. 4.8.5 Link types +
          1. 4.8.5.1 Link type "alternate"
            2. +
          2. 4.8.5.2 Link type "author"
            3. +
          3. 4.8.5.3 Link type "bookmark"
            4. +
          4. 4.8.5.4 Link type "external"
            5. +
          5. 4.8.5.5 Link type "help"
            6. +
          6. 4.8.5.6 Link type "icon"
            7. +
          7. 4.8.5.7 Link type "license"
            8. +
          8. 4.8.5.8 Link type "nofollow"
            9. +
          9. 4.8.5.9 Link type "noreferrer"
            10. +
          10. 4.8.5.10 Link type "pingback"
            11. +
          11. 4.8.5.11 Link type "prefetch"
            12. +
          12. 4.8.5.12 Link type "search"
            13. +
          13. 4.8.5.13 Link type "sidebar"
            14. +
          14. 4.8.5.14 Link type "stylesheet"
            15. +
          15. 4.8.5.15 Link type "tag"
            16. +
          16. 4.8.5.16 Sequential link types +
            1. 4.8.5.16.1 Link type "next"
              2. +
            2. 4.8.5.16.2 Link type "prev"
            17. +
          17. 4.8.5.17 Other link types
        9. +
      9. 4.9 Tabular data +
        1. 4.9.1 The table element +
          1. 4.9.1.1 Techniques for describing tables
            2. +
          2. 4.9.1.2 Techniques for table design
          2. +
        2. 4.9.2 The caption element
          3. +
        3. 4.9.3 The colgroup element
          4. +
        4. 4.9.4 The col element
          5. +
        5. 4.9.5 The tbody element
          6. +
        6. 4.9.6 The thead element
          7. +
        7. 4.9.7 The tfoot element
          8. +
        8. 4.9.8 The tr element
          9. +
        9. 4.9.9 The td element
          10. +
        10. 4.9.10 The th element
          11. +
        11. 4.9.11 Attributes common to td and th elements
          12. +
        12. 4.9.12 Processing model +
          1. 4.9.12.1 Forming a table
            2. +
          2. 4.9.12.2 Forming relationships between data cells and header cells
          13. +
        13. 4.9.13 Table sorting model
          14. +
        14. 4.9.14 Examples
        10. +
      10. 4.10 Forms +
        1. 4.10.1 Introduction +
          1. 4.10.1.1 Writing a form's user interface
            2. +
          2. 4.10.1.2 Implementing the server-side processing for a form
            3. +
          3. 4.10.1.3 Configuring a form to communicate with a server
            4. +
          4. 4.10.1.4 Client-side form validation
            5. +
          5. 4.10.1.5 Enabling client-side automatic filling of form controls
            6. +
          6. 4.10.1.6 Improving the user experience on mobile devices
            7. +
          7. 4.10.1.7 The difference between the field type, the autofill field name, and the input modality
            8. +
          8. 4.10.1.8 Date, time, and number formats
          2. +
        2. 4.10.2 Categories
          3. +
        3. 4.10.3 The form element
          4. +
        4. 4.10.4 The label element
          5. +
        5. 4.10.5 The input element +
          1. 4.10.5.1 States of the type attribute +
            1. 4.10.5.1.1 Hidden state (type=hidden)
              2. +
            2. 4.10.5.1.2 Text (type=text) state and Search state (type=search)
              3. +
            3. 4.10.5.1.3 Telephone state (type=tel)
              4. +
            4. 4.10.5.1.4 URL state (type=url)
              5. +
            5. 4.10.5.1.5 E-mail state (type=email)
              6. +
            6. 4.10.5.1.6 Password state (type=password)
              7. +
            7. 4.10.5.1.7 Date and Time state (type=datetime)
              8. +
            8. 4.10.5.1.8 Date state (type=date)
              9. +
            9. 4.10.5.1.9 Month state (type=month)
              10. +
            10. 4.10.5.1.10 Week state (type=week)
              11. +
            11. 4.10.5.1.11 Time state (type=time)
              12. +
            12. 4.10.5.1.12 Local Date and Time state (type=datetime-local)
              13. +
            13. 4.10.5.1.13 Number state (type=number)
              14. +
            14. 4.10.5.1.14 Range state (type=range)
              15. +
            15. 4.10.5.1.15 Color state (type=color)
              16. +
            16. 4.10.5.1.16 Checkbox state (type=checkbox)
              17. +
            17. 4.10.5.1.17 Radio Button state (type=radio)
              18. +
            18. 4.10.5.1.18 File Upload state (type=file)
              19. +
            19. 4.10.5.1.19 Submit Button state (type=submit)
              20. +
            20. 4.10.5.1.20 Image Button state (type=image)
              21. +
            21. 4.10.5.1.21 Reset Button state (type=reset)
              22. +
            22. 4.10.5.1.22 Button state (type=button)
            2. +
          2. 4.10.5.2 Implemention notes regarding localization of form controls
            3. +
          3. 4.10.5.3 Common input element attributes +
            1. 4.10.5.3.1 The maxlength and minlength attributes
              2. +
            2. 4.10.5.3.2 The size attribute
              3. +
            3. 4.10.5.3.3 The readonly attribute
              4. +
            4. 4.10.5.3.4 The required attribute
              5. +
            5. 4.10.5.3.5 The multiple attribute
              6. +
            6. 4.10.5.3.6 The pattern attribute
              7. +
            7. 4.10.5.3.7 The min and max attributes
              8. +
            8. 4.10.5.3.8 The step attribute
              9. +
            9. 4.10.5.3.9 The list attribute
              10. +
            10. 4.10.5.3.10 The placeholder attribute
            4. +
          4. 4.10.5.4 Common input element APIs
            5. +
          5. 4.10.5.5 Common event behaviors
          6. +
        6. 4.10.6 The button element
          7. +
        7. 4.10.7 The select element
          8. +
        8. 4.10.8 The datalist element
          9. +
        9. 4.10.9 The optgroup element
          10. +
        10. 4.10.10 The option element
          11. +
        11. 4.10.11 The textarea element
          12. +
        12. 4.10.12 The keygen element
          13. +
        13. 4.10.13 The output element
          14. +
        14. 4.10.14 The progress element
          15. +
        15. 4.10.15 The meter element
          16. +
        16. 4.10.16 The fieldset element
          17. +
        17. 4.10.17 The legend element
          18. +
        18. 4.10.18 Form control infrastructure +
          1. 4.10.18.1 A form control's value
            2. +
          2. 4.10.18.2 Mutability
            3. +
          3. 4.10.18.3 Association of controls and forms
          19. +
        19. 4.10.19 Attributes common to form controls +
          1. 4.10.19.1 Naming form controls: the name attribute
            2. +
          2. 4.10.19.2 Submitting element directionality: the dirname attribute
            3. +
          3. 4.10.19.3 Limiting user input length: the maxlength attribute
            4. +
          4. 4.10.19.4 Setting minimum input length requirements: the minlength attribute
            5. +
          5. 4.10.19.5 Enabling and disabling form controls: the disabled attribute
            6. +
          6. 4.10.19.6 Form submission
            7. +
          7. 4.10.19.7 Autofocusing a form control: the autofocus attribute
            8. +
          8. 4.10.19.8 Input modalities: the inputmode attribute
            9. +
          9. 4.10.19.9 Autofilling form controls: the autocomplete attribute
          20. +
        20. 4.10.20 APIs for the text field selections
          21. +
        21. 4.10.21 Constraints +
          1. 4.10.21.1 Definitions
            2. +
          2. 4.10.21.2 Constraint validation
            3. +
          3. 4.10.21.3 The constraint validation API
            4. +
          4. 4.10.21.4 Security
          22. +
        22. 4.10.22 Form submission +
          1. 4.10.22.1 Introduction
            2. +
          2. 4.10.22.2 Implicit submission
            3. +
          3. 4.10.22.3 Form submission algorithm
            4. +
          4. 4.10.22.4 Constructing the form data set
            5. +
          5. 4.10.22.5 Selecting a form submission encoding
            6. +
          6. 4.10.22.6 URL-encoded form data
            7. +
          7. 4.10.22.7 Multipart form data
            8. +
          8. 4.10.22.8 Plain text form data
          23. +
        23. 4.10.23 Resetting a form
        11. +
      11. 4.11 Interactive elements +
        1. 4.11.1 The details element
          2. +
        2. 4.11.2 The summary element
          3. +
        3. 4.11.3 The menu element
          4. +
        4. 4.11.4 The menuitem element
          5. +
        5. 4.11.5 Context menus +
          1. 4.11.5.1 Declaring a context menu
            2. +
          2. 4.11.5.2 Processing model
            3. +
          3. 4.11.5.3 The RelatedEvent interfaces
          6. +
        6. 4.11.6 Commands +
          1. 4.11.6.1 Facets
            2. +
          2. 4.11.6.2 Using the a element to define a command
            3. +
          3. 4.11.6.3 Using the button element to define a command
            4. +
          4. 4.11.6.4 Using the input element to define a command
            5. +
          5. 4.11.6.5 Using the option element to define a command
            6. +
          6. 4.11.6.6 Using the menuitem element to define a +command
            7. +
          7. 4.11.6.7 Using the command attribute on menuitem elements to define +a command indirectly
            8. +
          8. 4.11.6.8 Using the accesskey attribute +on a label element to define a command
            9. +
          9. 4.11.6.9 Using the accesskey attribute +on a legend element to define a command
            10. +
          10. 4.11.6.10 Using the accesskey +attribute to define a command on other elements
          7. +
        7. 4.11.7 The dialog element +
          1. 4.11.7.1 Anchor points
        12. +
      12. 4.12 Scripting +
        1. 4.12.1 The script element +
          1. 4.12.1.1 Scripting languages
            2. +
          2. 4.12.1.2 Restrictions for contents of script elements
            3. +
          3. 4.12.1.3 Inline documentation for external scripts
            4. +
          4. 4.12.1.4 Interaction of script elements and XSLT
          2. +
        2. 4.12.2 The noscript element
          3. +
        3. 4.12.3 The template element +
          1. 4.12.3.1 Interaction of template elements with XSLT and XPath
          4. +
        4. 4.12.4 The canvas element +
          1. 4.12.4.1 Proxying canvases to workers
            2. +
          2. 4.12.4.2 The 2D rendering context +
            1. 4.12.4.2.1 Implementation notes
              2. +
            2. 4.12.4.2.2 The canvas state
              3. +
            3. 4.12.4.2.3 DrawingStyle objects
              4. +
            4. 4.12.4.2.4 Line styles
              5. +
            5. 4.12.4.2.5 Text styles
              6. +
            6. 4.12.4.2.6 Building paths
              7. +
            7. 4.12.4.2.7 Path objects
              8. +
            8. 4.12.4.2.8 Transformations
              9. +
            9. 4.12.4.2.9 Image sources for 2D rendering contexts
              10. +
            10. 4.12.4.2.10 Fill and stroke styles
              11. +
            11. 4.12.4.2.11 Drawing rectangles to the bitmap
              12. +
            12. 4.12.4.2.12 Drawing text to the bitmap
              13. +
            13. 4.12.4.2.13 Drawing paths to the canvas
              14. +
            14. 4.12.4.2.14 Drawing images
              15. +
            15. 4.12.4.2.15 Hit regions
              16. +
            16. 4.12.4.2.16 Pixel manipulation
              17. +
            17. 4.12.4.2.17 Compositing
              18. +
            18. 4.12.4.2.18 Image smoothing
              19. +
            19. 4.12.4.2.19 Shadows
              20. +
            20. 4.12.4.2.20 Drawing model
              21. +
            21. 4.12.4.2.21 Best practices
              22. +
            22. 4.12.4.2.22 Examples
            3. +
          3. 4.12.4.3 Color spaces and color correction
            4. +
          4. 4.12.4.4 Serializing bitmaps to a file
            5. +
          5. 4.12.4.5 Security with canvas elements
        13. +
      13. 4.13 Common idioms without dedicated elements +
        1. 4.13.1 The main part of the content
          2. +
        2. 4.13.2 Bread crumb navigation
          3. +
        3. 4.13.3 Tag clouds
          4. +
        4. 4.13.4 Conversations
          5. +
        5. 4.13.5 Footnotes
        14. +
      14. 4.14 Disabled elements
        15. +
      15. 4.15 Matching HTML elements using selectors +
        1. 4.15.1 Case-sensitivity
          2. +
        2. 4.15.2 Pseudo-classes
      5. +
    5. 5 Microdata +
      1. 5.1 Introduction +
        1. 5.1.1 Overview
          2. +
        2. 5.1.2 The basic syntax
          3. +
        3. 5.1.3 Typed items
          4. +
        4. 5.1.4 Global identifiers for items
          5. +
        5. 5.1.5 Selecting names when defining vocabularies
          6. +
        6. 5.1.6 Using the microdata DOM API
        2. +
      2. 5.2 Encoding microdata +
        1. 5.2.1 The microdata model
          2. +
        2. 5.2.2 Items
          3. +
        3. 5.2.3 Names: the itemprop attribute
          4. +
        4. 5.2.4 Values
          5. +
        5. 5.2.5 Associating names with items
          6. +
        6. 5.2.6 Microdata and other namespaces
        3. +
      3. 5.3 Microdata DOM API
        4. +
      4. 5.4 Sample microdata vocabularies +
        1. 5.4.1 vCard +
          1. 5.4.1.1 Conversion to vCard
            2. +
          2. 5.4.1.2 Examples
          2. +
        2. 5.4.2 vEvent +
          1. 5.4.2.1 Conversion to iCalendar
            2. +
          2. 5.4.2.2 Examples
          3. +
        3. 5.4.3 Licensing works +
          1. 5.4.3.1 Examples
        5. +
      5. 5.5 Converting HTML to other formats +
        1. 5.5.1 JSON
      6. +
    6. 6 Loading Web pages +
      1. 6.1 Browsing contexts +
        1. 6.1.1 Nested browsing contexts +
          1. 6.1.1.1 Navigating nested browsing contexts in the DOM
          2. +
        2. 6.1.2 Auxiliary browsing contexts +
          1. 6.1.2.1 Navigating auxiliary browsing contexts in the DOM
          3. +
        3. 6.1.3 Secondary browsing contexts
          4. +
        4. 6.1.4 Security
          5. +
        5. 6.1.5 Groupings of browsing contexts
          6. +
        6. 6.1.6 Browsing context names
        2. +
      2. 6.2 The Window object +
        1. 6.2.1 Security
          2. +
        2. 6.2.2 APIs for creating and navigating browsing contexts by name
          3. +
        3. 6.2.3 Accessing other browsing contexts
          4. +
        4. 6.2.4 Named access on the Window object
          5. +
        5. 6.2.5 Garbage collection and browsing contexts
          6. +
        6. 6.2.6 Closing browsing contexts
          7. +
        7. 6.2.7 Browser interface elements
          8. +
        8. 6.2.8 The WindowProxy object
        3. +
      3. 6.3 Origin +
        1. 6.3.1 Relaxing the same-origin restriction
        4. +
      4. 6.4 Sandboxing
        5. +
      5. 6.5 Session history and navigation +
        1. 6.5.1 The session history of browsing contexts
          2. +
        2. 6.5.2 The History interface
          3. +
        3. 6.5.3 The Location interface +
          1. 6.5.3.1 Security
          4. +
        4. 6.5.4 Implementation notes for session history
        6. +
      6. 6.6 Browsing the Web +
        1. 6.6.1 Navigating across documents
          2. +
        2. 6.6.2 Page load processing model for HTML files
          3. +
        3. 6.6.3 Page load processing model for XML files
          4. +
        4. 6.6.4 Page load processing model for text files
          5. +
        5. 6.6.5 Page load processing model for multipart/x-mixed-replace resources
          6. +
        6. 6.6.6 Page load processing model for media
          7. +
        7. 6.6.7 Page load processing model for content that uses plugins
          8. +
        8. 6.6.8 Page load processing model for inline +content that doesn't have a DOM
          9. +
        9. 6.6.9 Navigating to a fragment identifier
          10. +
        10. 6.6.10 History traversal +
          1. 6.6.10.1 The PopStateEvent interface
            2. +
          2. 6.6.10.2 The HashChangeEvent interface
            3. +
          3. 6.6.10.3 The PageTransitionEvent interface
          11. +
        11. 6.6.11 Unloading documents +
          1. 6.6.11.1 The BeforeUnloadEvent interface
          12. +
        12. 6.6.12 Aborting a document load
        7. +
      7. 6.7 Offline Web applications +
        1. 6.7.1 Introduction +
          1. 6.7.1.1 Supporting offline caching for legacy applications
            2. +
          2. 6.7.1.2 Event summary
          2. +
        2. 6.7.2 Application caches
          3. +
        3. 6.7.3 The cache manifest syntax +
          1. 6.7.3.1 Some sample manifests
            2. +
          2. 6.7.3.2 Writing cache manifests
            3. +
          3. 6.7.3.3 Parsing cache manifests
          4. +
        4. 6.7.4 Downloading or updating an application cache
          5. +
        5. 6.7.5 The application cache selection algorithm
          6. +
        6. 6.7.6 Changes to the networking model
          7. +
        7. 6.7.7 Expiring application caches
          8. +
        8. 6.7.8 Disk space
          9. +
        9. 6.7.9 Application cache API
          10. +
        10. 6.7.10 Browser state
      7. +
    7. 7 Web application APIs +
      1. 7.1 Scripting +
        1. 7.1.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 7.1.2 Enabling and disabling scripting
          3. +
        3. 7.1.3 Processing model +
          1. 7.1.3.1 Definitions
            2. +
          2. 7.1.3.2 Script settings for browsing contexts
            3. +
          3. 7.1.3.3 Calling scripts
            4. +
          4. 7.1.3.4 Creating scripts
            5. +
          5. 7.1.3.5 Killing scripts
            6. +
          6. 7.1.3.6 Runtime script errors +
            1. 7.1.3.6.1 Runtime script errors in documents
              2. +
            2. 7.1.3.6.2 The ErrorEvent interface
          4. +
        4. 7.1.4 Event loops +
          1. 7.1.4.1 Definitions
            2. +
          2. 7.1.4.2 Processing model
            3. +
          3. 7.1.4.3 Generic task sources
          5. +
        5. 7.1.5 Events +
          1. 7.1.5.1 Event handlers
            2. +
          2. 7.1.5.2 Event handlers on elements, Document objects, and Window objects +
            1. 7.1.5.2.1 IDL definitions
            3. +
          3. 7.1.5.3 Event firing
            4. +
          4. 7.1.5.4 Events and the Window object
        2. +
      2. 7.2 Base64 utility methods
        3. +
      3. 7.3 Dynamic markup insertion +
        1. 7.3.1 Opening the input stream
          2. +
        2. 7.3.2 Closing the input stream
          3. +
        3. 7.3.3 document.write()
          4. +
        4. 7.3.4 document.writeln()
        4. +
      4. 7.4 Timers
        5. +
      5. 7.5 User prompts +
        1. 7.5.1 Simple dialogs
          2. +
        2. 7.5.2 Printing
          3. +
        3. 7.5.3 Dialogs implemented using separate documents
        6. +
      6. 7.6 System state and capabilities +
        1. 7.6.1 The Navigator object +
          1. 7.6.1.1 Client identification
            2. +
          2. 7.6.1.2 Language preferences
            3. +
          3. 7.6.1.3 Custom scheme and content handlers +
            1. 7.6.1.3.1 Security and privacy
              2. +
            2. 7.6.1.3.2 Sample user interface
            4. +
          4. 7.6.1.4 Manually releasing the storage mutex
            5. +
          5. 7.6.1.5 Plugins
          2. +
        2. 7.6.2 The External interface
        7. +
      7. 7.7 Images
      8. +
    8. 8 User interaction +
      1. 8.1 The hidden attribute
        2. +
      2. 8.2 Inert subtrees +
        1. 8.2.1 The inert attribute
        3. +
      3. 8.3 Activation
        4. +
      4. 8.4 Focus +
        1. 8.4.1 Sequential focus navigation and the tabindex attribute
          2. +
        2. 8.4.2 Focus management
          3. +
        3. 8.4.3 Document-level focus APIs
          4. +
        4. 8.4.4 Element-level focus APIs
        5. +
      5. 8.5 Assigning keyboard shortcuts +
        1. 8.5.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 8.5.2 The accesskey attribute
          3. +
        3. 8.5.3 Processing model
        6. +
      6. 8.6 Editing +
        1. 8.6.1 Making document regions editable: The contenteditable content attribute
          2. +
        2. 8.6.2 Making entire documents editable: The designMode IDL attribute
          3. +
        3. 8.6.3 Best practices for in-page editors
          4. +
        4. 8.6.4 Editing APIs
          5. +
        5. 8.6.5 Spelling and grammar checking
        7. +
      7. 8.7 Drag and drop +
        1. 8.7.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 8.7.2 The drag data store
          3. +
        3. 8.7.3 The DataTransfer interface +
          1. 8.7.3.1 The DataTransferItemList interface
            2. +
          2. 8.7.3.2 The DataTransferItem interface
          4. +
        4. 8.7.4 The DragEvent interface
          5. +
        5. 8.7.5 Drag-and-drop processing model
          6. +
        6. 8.7.6 Events summary
          7. +
        7. 8.7.7 The draggable attribute
          8. +
        8. 8.7.8 The dropzone attribute
          9. +
        9. 8.7.9 Security risks in the drag-and-drop model
      9. +
    9. 9 Communication +
      1. 9.1 The MessageEvent interfaces
        2. +
      2. 9.2 Server-sent events +
        1. 9.2.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 9.2.2 The EventSource interface
          3. +
        3. 9.2.3 Processing model
          4. +
        4. 9.2.4 Parsing an event stream
          5. +
        5. 9.2.5 Interpreting an event stream
          6. +
        6. 9.2.6 Authoring notes
          7. +
        7. 9.2.7 Connectionless push and other features
          8. +
        8. 9.2.8 Garbage collection
          9. +
        9. 9.2.9 Implementation advice
          10. +
        10. 9.2.10 IANA considerations +
          1. 9.2.10.1 text/event-stream
            2. +
          2. 9.2.10.2 Last-Event-ID
        3. +
      3. 9.3 Web sockets +
        1. 9.3.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 9.3.2 The WebSocket interface
          3. +
        3. 9.3.3 Feedback from the protocol
          4. +
        4. 9.3.4 Ping and Pong frames
          5. +
        5. 9.3.5 Parsing WebSocket URLs
          6. +
        6. 9.3.6 The CloseEvent interfaces
          7. +
        7. 9.3.7 Garbage collection
        4. +
      4. 9.4 Cross-document messaging +
        1. 9.4.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 9.4.2 Security +
          1. 9.4.2.1 Authors
            2. +
          2. 9.4.2.2 User agents
          3. +
        3. 9.4.3 Posting messages
        5. +
      5. 9.5 Channel messaging +
        1. 9.5.1 Introduction +
          1. 9.5.1.1 Examples
            2. +
          2. 9.5.1.2 Ports as the basis of an object-capability model on the Web
            3. +
          3. 9.5.1.3 Ports as the basis of abstracting out service implementations
          2. +
        2. 9.5.2 Message channels
          3. +
        3. 9.5.3 Message ports
          4. +
        4. 9.5.4 Broadcasting to many ports
          5. +
        5. 9.5.5 Ports and garbage collection
        6. +
      6. 9.6 Broadcasting to other browsing contexts
      10. +
    10. 10 Web workers +
      1. 10.1 Introduction +
        1. 10.1.1 Scope
          2. +
        2. 10.1.2 Examples +
          1. 10.1.2.1 A background number-crunching worker
            2. +
          2. 10.1.2.2 Worker used for background I/O
            3. +
          3. 10.1.2.3 Shared workers introduction
            4. +
          4. 10.1.2.4 Shared state using a shared worker
            5. +
          5. 10.1.2.5 Delegation
          3. +
        3. 10.1.3 Tutorials +
          1. 10.1.3.1 Creating a dedicated worker
            2. +
          2. 10.1.3.2 Communicating with a dedicated worker
            3. +
          3. 10.1.3.3 Shared workers
        2. +
      2. 10.2 Infrastructure +
        1. 10.2.1 The global scope +
          1. 10.2.1.1 The WorkerGlobalScope common interface
            2. +
          2. 10.2.1.2 Dedicated workers and the DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope interface
            3. +
          3. 10.2.1.3 Shared workers and the SharedWorkerGlobalScope interface
          2. +
        2. 10.2.2 The event loop
          3. +
        3. 10.2.3 The worker's lifetime
          4. +
        4. 10.2.4 Processing model
          5. +
        5. 10.2.5 Runtime script errors
          6. +
        6. 10.2.6 Creating workers +
          1. 10.2.6.1 The AbstractWorker abstract interface
            2. +
          2. 10.2.6.2 Script settings for workers
            3. +
          3. 10.2.6.3 Dedicated workers and the Worker interface
            4. +
          4. 10.2.6.4 Shared workers and the SharedWorker interface
        3. +
      3. 10.3 APIs available to workers +
        1. 10.3.1 Importing scripts and libraries
          2. +
        2. 10.3.2 The WorkerNavigator object
          3. +
        3. 10.3.3 Interface objects and constructors
          4. +
        4. 10.3.4 Worker locations
      11. +
    11. 11 Web storage +
      1. 11.1 Introduction
        2. +
      2. 11.2 The API +
        1. 11.2.1 The Storage interface
          2. +
        2. 11.2.2 The sessionStorage attribute
          3. +
        3. 11.2.3 The localStorage attribute
          4. +
        4. 11.2.4 The storage event +
          1. 11.2.4.1 The StorageEvent interface
          5. +
        5. 11.2.5 Threads
        3. +
      3. 11.3 Disk space
        4. +
      4. 11.4 Privacy +
        1. 11.4.1 User tracking
          2. +
        2. 11.4.2 Sensitivity of data
        5. +
      5. 11.5 Security +
        1. 11.5.1 DNS spoofing attacks
          2. +
        2. 11.5.2 Cross-directory attacks
          3. +
        3. 11.5.3 Implementation risks
      12. +
    12. 12 The HTML syntax +
      1. 12.1 Writing HTML documents +
        1. 12.1.1 The DOCTYPE
          2. +
        2. 12.1.2 Elements +
          1. 12.1.2.1 Start tags
            2. +
          2. 12.1.2.2 End tags
            3. +
          3. 12.1.2.3 Attributes
            4. +
          4. 12.1.2.4 Optional tags
            5. +
          5. 12.1.2.5 Restrictions on content models
            6. +
          6. 12.1.2.6 Restrictions on the contents of raw text and escapable raw text elements
          3. +
        3. 12.1.3 Text +
          1. 12.1.3.1 Newlines
          4. +
        4. 12.1.4 Character references
          5. +
        5. 12.1.5 CDATA sections
          6. +
        6. 12.1.6 Comments
        2. +
      2. 12.2 Parsing HTML documents +
        1. 12.2.1 Overview of the parsing model
          2. +
        2. 12.2.2 The input byte stream +
          1. 12.2.2.1 Parsing with a known character encoding
            2. +
          2. 12.2.2.2 Determining the character encoding
            3. +
          3. 12.2.2.3 Character encodings
            4. +
          4. 12.2.2.4 Changing the encoding while parsing
            5. +
          5. 12.2.2.5 Preprocessing the input stream
          3. +
        3. 12.2.3 Parse state +
          1. 12.2.3.1 The insertion mode
            2. +
          2. 12.2.3.2 The stack of open elements
            3. +
          3. 12.2.3.3 The list of active formatting elements
            4. +
          4. 12.2.3.4 The element pointers
            5. +
          5. 12.2.3.5 Other parsing state flags
          4. +
        4. 12.2.4 Tokenization +
          1. 12.2.4.1 Data state
            2. +
          2. 12.2.4.2 Character reference in data state
            3. +
          3. 12.2.4.3 RCDATA state
            4. +
          4. 12.2.4.4 Character reference in RCDATA state
            5. +
          5. 12.2.4.5 RAWTEXT state
            6. +
          6. 12.2.4.6 Script data state
            7. +
          7. 12.2.4.7 PLAINTEXT state
            8. +
          8. 12.2.4.8 Tag open state
            9. +
          9. 12.2.4.9 End tag open state
            10. +
          10. 12.2.4.10 Tag name state
            11. +
          11. 12.2.4.11 RCDATA less-than sign state
            12. +
          12. 12.2.4.12 RCDATA end tag open state
            13. +
          13. 12.2.4.13 RCDATA end tag name state
            14. +
          14. 12.2.4.14 RAWTEXT less-than sign state
            15. +
          15. 12.2.4.15 RAWTEXT end tag open state
            16. +
          16. 12.2.4.16 RAWTEXT end tag name state
            17. +
          17. 12.2.4.17 Script data less-than sign state
            18. +
          18. 12.2.4.18 Script data end tag open state
            19. +
          19. 12.2.4.19 Script data end tag name state
            20. +
          20. 12.2.4.20 Script data escape start state
            21. +
          21. 12.2.4.21 Script data escape start dash state
            22. +
          22. 12.2.4.22 Script data escaped state
            23. +
          23. 12.2.4.23 Script data escaped dash state
            24. +
          24. 12.2.4.24 Script data escaped dash dash state
            25. +
          25. 12.2.4.25 Script data escaped less-than sign state
            26. +
          26. 12.2.4.26 Script data escaped end tag open state
            27. +
          27. 12.2.4.27 Script data escaped end tag name state
            28. +
          28. 12.2.4.28 Script data double escape start state
            29. +
          29. 12.2.4.29 Script data double escaped state
            30. +
          30. 12.2.4.30 Script data double escaped dash state
            31. +
          31. 12.2.4.31 Script data double escaped dash dash state
            32. +
          32. 12.2.4.32 Script data double escaped less-than sign state
            33. +
          33. 12.2.4.33 Script data double escape end state
            34. +
          34. 12.2.4.34 Before attribute name state
            35. +
          35. 12.2.4.35 Attribute name state
            36. +
          36. 12.2.4.36 After attribute name state
            37. +
          37. 12.2.4.37 Before attribute value state
            38. +
          38. 12.2.4.38 Attribute value (double-quoted) state
            39. +
          39. 12.2.4.39 Attribute value (single-quoted) state
            40. +
          40. 12.2.4.40 Attribute value (unquoted) state
            41. +
          41. 12.2.4.41 Character reference in attribute value state
            42. +
          42. 12.2.4.42 After attribute value (quoted) state
            43. +
          43. 12.2.4.43 Self-closing start tag state
            44. +
          44. 12.2.4.44 Bogus comment state
            45. +
          45. 12.2.4.45 Markup declaration open state
            46. +
          46. 12.2.4.46 Comment start state
            47. +
          47. 12.2.4.47 Comment start dash state
            48. +
          48. 12.2.4.48 Comment state
            49. +
          49. 12.2.4.49 Comment end dash state
            50. +
          50. 12.2.4.50 Comment end state
            51. +
          51. 12.2.4.51 Comment end bang state
            52. +
          52. 12.2.4.52 DOCTYPE state
            53. +
          53. 12.2.4.53 Before DOCTYPE name state
            54. +
          54. 12.2.4.54 DOCTYPE name state
            55. +
          55. 12.2.4.55 After DOCTYPE name state
            56. +
          56. 12.2.4.56 After DOCTYPE public keyword state
            57. +
          57. 12.2.4.57 Before DOCTYPE public identifier state
            58. +
          58. 12.2.4.58 DOCTYPE public identifier (double-quoted) state
            59. +
          59. 12.2.4.59 DOCTYPE public identifier (single-quoted) state
            60. +
          60. 12.2.4.60 After DOCTYPE public identifier state
            61. +
          61. 12.2.4.61 Between DOCTYPE public and system identifiers state
            62. +
          62. 12.2.4.62 After DOCTYPE system keyword state
            63. +
          63. 12.2.4.63 Before DOCTYPE system identifier state
            64. +
          64. 12.2.4.64 DOCTYPE system identifier (double-quoted) state
            65. +
          65. 12.2.4.65 DOCTYPE system identifier (single-quoted) state
            66. +
          66. 12.2.4.66 After DOCTYPE system identifier state
            67. +
          67. 12.2.4.67 Bogus DOCTYPE state
            68. +
          68. 12.2.4.68 CDATA section state
            69. +
          69. 12.2.4.69 Tokenizing character references
          5. +
        5. 12.2.5 Tree construction +
          1. 12.2.5.1 Creating and inserting nodes
            2. +
          2. 12.2.5.2 Parsing elements that contain only text
            3. +
          3. 12.2.5.3 Closing elements that have implied end tags
            4. +
          4. 12.2.5.4 The rules for parsing tokens in HTML content +
            1. 12.2.5.4.1 The "initial" insertion mode
              2. +
            2. 12.2.5.4.2 The "before html" insertion mode
              3. +
            3. 12.2.5.4.3 The "before head" insertion mode
              4. +
            4. 12.2.5.4.4 The "in head" insertion mode
              5. +
            5. 12.2.5.4.5 The "in head noscript" insertion mode
              6. +
            6. 12.2.5.4.6 The "after head" insertion mode
              7. +
            7. 12.2.5.4.7 The "in body" insertion mode
              8. +
            8. 12.2.5.4.8 The "text" insertion mode
              9. +
            9. 12.2.5.4.9 The "in table" insertion mode
              10. +
            10. 12.2.5.4.10 The "in table text" insertion mode
              11. +
            11. 12.2.5.4.11 The "in caption" insertion mode
              12. +
            12. 12.2.5.4.12 The "in column group" insertion mode
              13. +
            13. 12.2.5.4.13 The "in table body" insertion mode
              14. +
            14. 12.2.5.4.14 The "in row" insertion mode
              15. +
            15. 12.2.5.4.15 The "in cell" insertion mode
              16. +
            16. 12.2.5.4.16 The "in select" insertion mode
              17. +
            17. 12.2.5.4.17 The "in select in table" insertion mode
              18. +
            18. 12.2.5.4.18 The "in template" insertion mode
              19. +
            19. 12.2.5.4.19 The "after body" insertion mode
              20. +
            20. 12.2.5.4.20 The "in frameset" insertion mode
              21. +
            21. 12.2.5.4.21 The "after frameset" insertion mode
              22. +
            22. 12.2.5.4.22 The "after after body" insertion mode
              23. +
            23. 12.2.5.4.23 The "after after frameset" insertion mode
            5. +
          5. 12.2.5.5 The rules for parsing tokens in foreign content
          6. +
        6. 12.2.6 The end
          7. +
        7. 12.2.7 Coercing an HTML DOM into an infoset
          8. +
        8. 12.2.8 An introduction to error handling and strange cases in the parser +
          1. 12.2.8.1 Misnested tags: <b><i></b></i>
            2. +
          2. 12.2.8.2 Misnested tags: <b><p></b></p>
            3. +
          3. 12.2.8.3 Unexpected markup in tables
            4. +
          4. 12.2.8.4 Scripts that modify the page as it is being parsed
            5. +
          5. 12.2.8.5 The execution of scripts that are moving across multiple documents
            6. +
          6. 12.2.8.6 Unclosed formatting elements
        3. +
      3. 12.3 Serializing HTML fragments
        4. +
      4. 12.4 Parsing HTML fragments
        5. +
      5. 12.5 Named character references
      13. +
    13. 13 The XHTML syntax +
      1. 13.1 Writing XHTML documents
        2. +
      2. 13.2 Parsing XHTML documents
        3. +
      3. 13.3 Serializing XHTML fragments
        4. +
      4. 13.4 Parsing XHTML fragments
      14. +
    14. 14 Rendering +
      1. 14.1 Introduction
        2. +
      2. 14.2 The CSS user agent style sheet and presentational hints
        3. +
      3. 14.3 Non-replaced elements +
        1. 14.3.1 Hidden elements
          2. +
        2. 14.3.2 The page
          3. +
        3. 14.3.3 Flow content
          4. +
        4. 14.3.4 Phrasing content
          5. +
        5. 14.3.5 Bidirectional text
          6. +
        6. 14.3.6 Quotes
          7. +
        7. 14.3.7 Sections and headings
          8. +
        8. 14.3.8 Lists
          9. +
        9. 14.3.9 Tables
          10. +
        10. 14.3.10 Margin collapsing quirks
          11. +
        11. 14.3.11 Form controls
          12. +
        12. 14.3.12 The hr element
          13. +
        13. 14.3.13 The fieldset and legend elements
        4. +
      4. 14.4 Replaced elements +
        1. 14.4.1 Embedded content
          2. +
        2. 14.4.2 Images
          3. +
        3. 14.4.3 Attributes for embedded content and images
          4. +
        4. 14.4.4 Image maps
        5. +
      5. 14.5 Bindings +
        1. 14.5.1 Introduction
          2. +
        2. 14.5.2 The button element
          3. +
        3. 14.5.3 The details element
          4. +
        4. 14.5.4 The input element as a text entry widget
          5. +
        5. 14.5.5 The input element as domain-specific widgets
          6. +
        6. 14.5.6 The input element as a range control
          7. +
        7. 14.5.7 The input element as a color well
          8. +
        8. 14.5.8 The input element as a checkbox and radio button widgets
          9. +
        9. 14.5.9 The input element as a file upload control
          10. +
        10. 14.5.10 The input element as a button
          11. +
        11. 14.5.11 The marquee element
          12. +
        12. 14.5.12 The meter element
          13. +
        13. 14.5.13 The progress element
          14. +
        14. 14.5.14 The select element
          15. +
        15. 14.5.15 The textarea element
          16. +
        16. 14.5.16 The keygen element
        6. +
      6. 14.6 Frames and framesets
        7. +
      7. 14.7 Interactive media +
        1. 14.7.1 Links, forms, and navigation
          2. +
        2. 14.7.2 The title attribute
          3. +
        3. 14.7.3 Editing hosts
          4. +
        4. 14.7.4 Text rendered in native user interfaces
        8. +
      8. 14.8 Print media
        9. +
      9. 14.9 Unstyled XML documents
      15. +
    15. 15 Obsolete features +
      1. 15.1 Obsolete but conforming features +
        1. 15.1.1 Warnings for obsolete but conforming features
        2. +
      2. 15.2 Non-conforming features
        3. +
      3. 15.3 Requirements for implementations +
        1. 15.3.1 The applet element
          2. +
        2. 15.3.2 The marquee element
          3. +
        3. 15.3.3 Frames
          4. +
        4. 15.3.4 Other elements, attributes and APIs
      16. +
    16. 16 IANA considerations +
      1. 16.1 text/html
        2. +
      2. 16.2 multipart/x-mixed-replace
        3. +
      3. 16.3 application/xhtml+xml
        4. +
      4. 16.4 application/x-www-form-urlencoded
        5. +
      5. 16.5 text/cache-manifest
        6. +
      6. 16.6 text/ping
        7. +
      7. 16.7 application/microdata+json
        8. +
      8. 16.8 Ping-From
        9. +
      9. 16.9 Ping-To
        10. +
      10. 16.10 web+ scheme prefix
      17. +
    17. Index +
      1. Elements
        2. +
      2. Element content categories
        3. +
      3. Attributes
        4. +
      4. Element Interfaces
        5. +
      5. All Interfaces
        6. +
      6. Events
      18. +
    18. References
    19. Acknowledgments
    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test/data/location-info/wiki-42/data.html b/test/data/location-info/wiki-42/data.html index 86bf8eb..d26b0df 100644 --- a/test/data/location-info/wiki-42/data.html +++ b/test/data/location-info/wiki-42/data.html @@ -1,3141 +1,3141 @@ - - -42 (number) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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    42 (number)

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    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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    -Jump to: navigation, search -
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    ← 414243 →
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    Cardinalforty-two
    Ordinal42nd
    -(forty-second)
    Factorization2 · 3 · 7
    Divisors1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42
    Roman numeralXLII
    Unicode symbol(s)
    Greek prefixμβ
    Binary1010102
    Ternary11203
    Quaternary2224
    Quinary1325
    Senary1106
    Octal528
    Duodecimal3612
    Hexadecimal2A16
    Vigesimal2220
    Base 361636
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    42 (forty-two) is the natural number immediately following 41 and directly preceding 43. The number has received considerable attention in popular culture as a result of its central appearance in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as the "Answer to The Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything".

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    Mathematics[edit]

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    • Forty-two is a pronic number and an abundant number; its prime factorization 2 · 3 · 7 makes it the second sphenic number and also the second of the form { 2 · 3 · r }. As with all sphenic numbers of this form, the aliquot sum is abundant by 12. 42 is also the second sphenic number to be bracketed by twin primes; 30 is also a pronic number and also rests between two primes. 42 has a 14 member aliquot sequence 42, 54, 66, 78, 90, 144, 259, 45, 33, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0 and is itself part of the aliquot sequence commencing with the first sphenic number 30. Further, 42 is the 10th member of the 3-aliquot tree.
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    • It is the third primary pseudoperfect number.
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    • It is a Catalan number. Consequently; 42 is the number of noncrossing partitions of a set of five elements, the number of triangulations of a heptagon, the number of rooted ordered binary trees with six leaves, the number of ways in which five pairs of nested parentheses can be arranged, etc.
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    • It is the number of partitions of 10 - the number of ways of expressing 10 as a sum of positive integers (note a different sense of partition from that above).
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    -The 3 × 3 × 3 magic cube with rows summing to 42.
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    • Given 27 same-size cubes whose nominal values progress from 1 to 27, a 3×3×3 magic cube can be constructed such that every row, column, and corridor, and every diagonal passing through the center, is composed of 3 cubes whose sum of values is 42.
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    • It is the third pentadecagonal number. It is a meandric number and an open meandric number.
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    • It is conjectured to be the scaling factor in the leading order term of the "sixth moment of the Riemann zeta function". In particular, Conrey & Ghosh have conjectured that -
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      {1 \over T}\int_0^T \left| \zeta\left({1 \over 2} + it\right) \right|^6\,dt \sim {42 \over 9!}\prod_p \left\{1-{1\over p}\right\}^4 \left( 1 + {4 \over p} + {1 \over p^2} \right) \log^9 T,
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      where the infinite product is over all prime numbers, p.[1][2]
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    • 42 is a Størmer number.
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    • In base 10, this number is a Harshad number and a self number, while it is a repdigit in base 4 (as 222).
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    • 42 is the only known value that is the number of sets of four distinct positive integers a,b,c,d, each less than the value itself, such that ab-cd, ac-bd, and ad-bc are each multiples of the value. Whether there are other values remains an open question.[3]
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    • 42 is a (2,6)-perfect number (super-multiperfect), as \sigma^2(n)=\sigma(\sigma(n))=6n\,[4]
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    • 42 is a perfect score on the USA Math Olympiad (USAMO)[5] and International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO).[6]
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    • 42 is the maximum of core points awarded in International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.
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    • 42 is the resulting number of the original Smith number (4937775): Both the sum of its digits (4+9+3+7+7+7+5) as the sum of the digits in its prime factorization (3+5+5+(6+5+8+3+7)) result in 42.
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    • The dimension of the Borel subalgebra in the exceptional Lie algebra e6 is 42.
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    Science[edit]

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    • The atomic number of molybdenum.
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    • The angle rounded to whole degrees for which a rainbow appears (the critical angle).
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    • In 1966, mathematician Paul Cooper theorized that the fastest, most efficient way to travel across continents would be to bore a straight hollow tube directly through the Earth, connecting a set of antipodes, remove the air from the tube and fall through.[7] The first half of the journey consists of free-fall acceleration, while the second half consists of an exactly equal deceleration. The time for such a journey works out to be 42 minutes. Even if the tube does not pass through the exact center of the Earth, the time for a journey powered entirely by gravity (known as a gravity train) always works out to be 42 minutes, so long as the tube remains friction-free, as while the force of gravity would be lessened, the distance traveled is reduced at an equal rate.[8][9] (The same idea was proposed, without calculation by Lewis Carroll in 1893 in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded.[10])
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    Technology[edit]

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    Astronomy[edit]

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    Religion[edit]

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    • In Japanese culture, the number 42 is considered unlucky because the numerals when pronounced separately — "shi ni" (four two) — sound like the phrase, "unto death".[13]
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    • There are 42 principles of Ma'at, the Ancient Egyptian personification of physical and moral law, order, and truth. In the judgment scene described in the Egyptian and the Book of the Coming/Going Forth by Day (the Book of the Dead (which evolved from the Coffin Texts and the Pyramid Texts)), there are 42 gods and goddesses of Egypt, personifying the principles of Ma'at. These 42 correspond to the 42 Nomes (Governmental Units) of Egypt. If the departed successfully answers all 42, s/he becomes an Osiris.
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    • 42 is the number with which God creates the Universe in Kabbalistic tradition. In Kabbalah, the most significant name is that of the En Sof (also known as "Ein Sof", "Infinite" or "Endless"), who is above the Sefirot (sometimes spelled "Sephirot").[14] The Forty-Two-Lettered Name contains four combined names which are spelled in Hebrew letters (spelled in letters = 42 letters), which is the name of Azilut (or "Atziluth" "Emanation"). While there are obvious links between the Forty-Two Lettered Name of the Babylonian Talmud and the Kabbalah's Forty-Two Lettered Name, they are probably not identical because of the Kabbalah's emphasis on numbers. The Kabbalah also contains a Forty-Five Lettered Name and a Seventy-Two Lettered Name.
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    • The number 42 appears in various contexts in Christianity. There are 42 generations (names) in the Gospel of Matthew's version of the Genealogy of Jesus; it is prophesied that for 42 months the Beast will hold dominion over the Earth (Revelation 13:5); 42 men of Beth-azmaveth were counted in the census of men of Israel upon return from exile (Ezra 2:24); God sent bears to maul 42 of the teenage boys who mocked Elisha for his baldness (2 Kings 2:23), etc.
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    • In Judaism, the number (in the Babylonian Talmud, compiled 375 AD to 499 AD) of the "Forty-Two Lettered Name" ascribed to God. Rab (or Rabhs), a 3rd-century source in the Talmud stated "The Forty-Two Lettered Name is entrusted only to him who is pious, meek, middle-aged, free from bad temper, sober, and not insistent on his rights". [Source: Talmud Kidduschin 71a, Translated by Rabbi Dr. I. Epstein]. Maimonides felt that the original Talmudic Forty-Two Lettered Name was perhaps composed of several combined divine names [Maimonides "Moreh"]. The apparently unpronouncable Tetragrammaton provides the backdrop from the Twelve-Lettered Name and the Forty-Two Lettered Name of the Talmud.[citation needed]
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    • The Gutenberg Bible is also known as the "42-line Bible", as the book contained 42 lines per page.
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    • The Forty-Two Articles (1552), largely the work of Thomas Cranmer, were intended to summarise Anglican doctrine, as it now existed under the reign of Edward VI.
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    Popular culture[edit]

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    The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy[edit]

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    The number 42 is, in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, "The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything", calculated by an enormous supercomputer over a period of 7.5 million years. Unfortunately no one knows what the question is. Thus, to calculate the Ultimate Question, a special computer the size of a small planet and built from organic components was created and named "Earth". This appeared first in the radio play and later in the novelization of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The fourth book in the series, the novel So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, contains 42 chapters. According to the novel Mostly Harmless, 42 is the street address of Stavromula Beta. In 1994 Adams created the 42 Puzzle, a game based on the number 42.

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    The book 42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life, the Universe and Everything[15] examines Adams' choice of the number 42 and also contains a compendium of some instances of the number in science, popular culture, and humour.

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    Works of Lewis Carroll[edit]

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    Lewis Carroll[16] made repeated use of this number in his writings.[17]

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    Examples of Carroll's use of 42:

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    • Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has 42 illustrations.
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    • Rule Forty-two in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court").
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    • Rule 42 of the Code in the preface[18] to The Hunting of the Snark ("No one shall speak to the Man at the Helm").
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    • In "fit the first" of The Hunting of the Snark the Baker had "forty-two boxes, all carefully packed, With his name painted clearly on each."[19]
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    • The White Queen announces her age as "one hundred and one, five months and a day", which - if the best possible date is assumed for the action of Through the Looking-Glass - gives a total of 37,044 days. With the further (textually unconfirmed) assumption that both Queens were born on the same day their combined age becomes 74,088 days, which is 42 x 42 x 42. Some commentators have asserted that this is deliberate on Carroll's part.[20]
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    Music[edit]

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    Television and film[edit]

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    • The Kumars at No. 42 television series. In 2003, Sanjeev Bhaskar hosted a BBC show nominating The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as Britain's Best Loved Book.
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    • A made for TV movie 42: Forty Two Up - an installment in a series of documentaries wherein the director revisits the same group of British-born individuals every 7 years.[21]
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    • "42" is an episode of Doctor Who, set in real time lasting approximately 42 minutes.
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    • The USS Enterprise D had 42 decks
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    • In an episode of Stargate Atlantis the character John Sheppard reveals that the number is the ultimate answer to life, the universe and everything, to the confusion of his alien companion.
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    • On the game show Jeopardy!, "Watson" the IBM supercomputer, has 42 "threads" in its avatar.[22]
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    • On the Unusuals TV-show there's an episode called "42". Detective Leo Banks recently turned 42. On account of his father, uncle, and grandfather dropping dead at 42, Leo is convinced he'll share their fate. There were 42s all over the episode.
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    • 42 (film) is a film on the life of American baseball player Jackie Robinson.
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    • I, Robot (film) 42 is the number of the first robot shown in the movie, a FedEx Delivery robot.
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    • 42 is the number of Tony Stark's latest armor (Mark 42) in Marvel Studios' movie Iron Man 3 by Shane Black starring Robert Downey Jr.
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    Video games[edit]

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    • 42 Entertainment is the company responsible for several alternate reality games, including I Love Bees, Year Zero, and Why So Serious.
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    • In Spore, reaching the center of the galaxy yields a powerful item known as the "Staff of Life" which has a limited 42 uses. It also grants the player an achievement titled "42".
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    • In Fable II, the last in a series of ancient artifacts the player can find says "Now just think of the number 42."
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    • In Left 4 Dead 2, 42 is the number of Moustachios that must be shot in the Dark Carnival campaign's Whack-a-Mole style mini-game in order to unlock the STACH WACKER achievement.
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    • In Halo Wars there is a Spartan-II Commando called Douglas-042.
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    Sports[edit]

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    -Jackie Robinson in his now-retired number 42 jersey.
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    Other fields[edit]

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    Other languages[edit]

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    References[edit]

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    1. ^ J. B. Conrey & A. Ghosh, "A conjecture for the sixth power moment of the Riemann zeta-function" International Mathematics Research Notices (1998)
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    2. ^ J. B. Conrey & S. M. Gonek, "High moments of the Riemann zeta-function" Duke Math J. 107 3 (2001): 577 – 604
      3. -
    3. ^ Differently Perfect - mathpages.com
      4. -
    4. ^ Sequence A019283 in OEIS
      5. -
    5. ^ Alex Zhai ties for second-highest score in 2007 USA Mathematical Olympiad - By Andrew Lovdahl Gargoyle staff reporter Posted Monday, May 7, 2007, The OG, news & student awards - Online Gargoyle
      6. -
    6. ^ CBC News staff, "Canadian math champ's skills add up to a perfect score" CBC News July 20, 2004. "A 16-year-old Canadian was one of four students who achieved a perfect score at an international mathematics competition. Jacob Tsimerman of Toronto scored 42 out of 42, making him one of 45 individual gold medallists at the 45th International Mathematical Olympiad in Athens."
      7. -
    7. ^ Cooper, Paul W. (1966). "Through the Earth in Forty Minutes". American Journal of Physics 34 (1): 68–69. doi:10.1119/1.1972773. 
      8. -
    8. ^ "To Everywhere in 42 Minutes". Time. February 11, 1966. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-18. 
      9. -
    9. ^ "Jumping into a 7,965 mile deep hole". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-18. 
      10. -
    10. ^ Carroll, Lewis (29 December 1893). "Chapter 7". Sylvie and Bruno Concluded 2. illustrated by Harry Furniss. United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co. "Each railway is in a long tunnel, perfectly straight: so of course the middle of it is nearer the centre of the globe than the two ends: so every train runs half-way down-hill, and that gives it force enough to run the other half up-hill." 
      11. -
    11. ^ Lee Middleton; Jayanthi Sivaswamy (2002). "Framework for practical hexagonal-image processing". Journal of Electronic Imaging 11 (104). doi:10.1117/1.1426078. Retrieved January 17, 2010 (abstract only). 
      12. -
    12. ^ "Maximum password age". Microsoft TechNet. Retrieved 15 January 2014. 
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    13. ^ Niiya, Brian. Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present. Facts on File, Inc., 1993, p. 352
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    14. ^ Joel Primack; Nancy E. Abrams. "In A Beginning...Quantum Cosmology and Kabbalah" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-14. 
      15. -
    15. ^ Gill, Peter (February 3, 2011). "42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life the Universe and Everything". London: Guardian. Retrieved 03/04/2011. 
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    16. ^ Lewis Carroll and Douglas Adams
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    17. ^ The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, Jenny Woolf
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    18. ^ The Hunting of the Snark, by Lewis Carroll
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    19. ^ The Hunting of the Snark, by Lewis Carroll
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    20. ^ What Lewis Carroll Taught Us: Alice's creator knew all about role-playing. by Seth Lerer, March 4, 2010
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    21. ^ 42: Forty Two Up at IMDB
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    22. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2284721/ Ken Jennings
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    External links[edit]

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    Look up forty-two in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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    42 (number)

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    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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    ← 414243 →
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    Cardinalforty-two
    Ordinal42nd
    +(forty-second)
    Factorization2 · 3 · 7
    Divisors1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42
    Roman numeralXLII
    Unicode symbol(s)
    Greek prefixμβ
    Binary1010102
    Ternary11203
    Quaternary2224
    Quinary1325
    Senary1106
    Octal528
    Duodecimal3612
    Hexadecimal2A16
    Vigesimal2220
    Base 361636
    +

    42 (forty-two) is the natural number immediately following 41 and directly preceding 43. The number has received considerable attention in popular culture as a result of its central appearance in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as the "Answer to The Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything".

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    Mathematics[edit]

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    • Forty-two is a pronic number and an abundant number; its prime factorization 2 · 3 · 7 makes it the second sphenic number and also the second of the form { 2 · 3 · r }. As with all sphenic numbers of this form, the aliquot sum is abundant by 12. 42 is also the second sphenic number to be bracketed by twin primes; 30 is also a pronic number and also rests between two primes. 42 has a 14 member aliquot sequence 42, 54, 66, 78, 90, 144, 259, 45, 33, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0 and is itself part of the aliquot sequence commencing with the first sphenic number 30. Further, 42 is the 10th member of the 3-aliquot tree.
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    • It is the third primary pseudoperfect number.
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    • It is a Catalan number. Consequently; 42 is the number of noncrossing partitions of a set of five elements, the number of triangulations of a heptagon, the number of rooted ordered binary trees with six leaves, the number of ways in which five pairs of nested parentheses can be arranged, etc.
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    • It is the number of partitions of 10 - the number of ways of expressing 10 as a sum of positive integers (note a different sense of partition from that above).
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    +The 3 × 3 × 3 magic cube with rows summing to 42.
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    • Given 27 same-size cubes whose nominal values progress from 1 to 27, a 3×3×3 magic cube can be constructed such that every row, column, and corridor, and every diagonal passing through the center, is composed of 3 cubes whose sum of values is 42.
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    • It is the third pentadecagonal number. It is a meandric number and an open meandric number.
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    • It is conjectured to be the scaling factor in the leading order term of the "sixth moment of the Riemann zeta function". In particular, Conrey & Ghosh have conjectured that +
      +
      {1 \over T}\int_0^T \left| \zeta\left({1 \over 2} + it\right) \right|^6\,dt \sim {42 \over 9!}\prod_p \left\{1-{1\over p}\right\}^4 \left( 1 + {4 \over p} + {1 \over p^2} \right) \log^9 T,
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      where the infinite product is over all prime numbers, p.[1][2]
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    • 42 is a Størmer number.
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    • In base 10, this number is a Harshad number and a self number, while it is a repdigit in base 4 (as 222).
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    • 42 is the only known value that is the number of sets of four distinct positive integers a,b,c,d, each less than the value itself, such that ab-cd, ac-bd, and ad-bc are each multiples of the value. Whether there are other values remains an open question.[3]
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    • 42 is a (2,6)-perfect number (super-multiperfect), as \sigma^2(n)=\sigma(\sigma(n))=6n\,[4]
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    • 42 is a perfect score on the USA Math Olympiad (USAMO)[5] and International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO).[6]
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    • 42 is the maximum of core points awarded in International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.
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    • 42 is the resulting number of the original Smith number (4937775): Both the sum of its digits (4+9+3+7+7+7+5) as the sum of the digits in its prime factorization (3+5+5+(6+5+8+3+7)) result in 42.
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    • The dimension of the Borel subalgebra in the exceptional Lie algebra e6 is 42.
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    Science[edit]

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    • The atomic number of molybdenum.
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    • The angle rounded to whole degrees for which a rainbow appears (the critical angle).
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    • In 1966, mathematician Paul Cooper theorized that the fastest, most efficient way to travel across continents would be to bore a straight hollow tube directly through the Earth, connecting a set of antipodes, remove the air from the tube and fall through.[7] The first half of the journey consists of free-fall acceleration, while the second half consists of an exactly equal deceleration. The time for such a journey works out to be 42 minutes. Even if the tube does not pass through the exact center of the Earth, the time for a journey powered entirely by gravity (known as a gravity train) always works out to be 42 minutes, so long as the tube remains friction-free, as while the force of gravity would be lessened, the distance traveled is reduced at an equal rate.[8][9] (The same idea was proposed, without calculation by Lewis Carroll in 1893 in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded.[10])
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    Technology[edit]

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    Astronomy[edit]

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    Religion[edit]

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    • In Japanese culture, the number 42 is considered unlucky because the numerals when pronounced separately — "shi ni" (four two) — sound like the phrase, "unto death".[13]
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    • There are 42 principles of Ma'at, the Ancient Egyptian personification of physical and moral law, order, and truth. In the judgment scene described in the Egyptian and the Book of the Coming/Going Forth by Day (the Book of the Dead (which evolved from the Coffin Texts and the Pyramid Texts)), there are 42 gods and goddesses of Egypt, personifying the principles of Ma'at. These 42 correspond to the 42 Nomes (Governmental Units) of Egypt. If the departed successfully answers all 42, s/he becomes an Osiris.
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    • 42 is the number with which God creates the Universe in Kabbalistic tradition. In Kabbalah, the most significant name is that of the En Sof (also known as "Ein Sof", "Infinite" or "Endless"), who is above the Sefirot (sometimes spelled "Sephirot").[14] The Forty-Two-Lettered Name contains four combined names which are spelled in Hebrew letters (spelled in letters = 42 letters), which is the name of Azilut (or "Atziluth" "Emanation"). While there are obvious links between the Forty-Two Lettered Name of the Babylonian Talmud and the Kabbalah's Forty-Two Lettered Name, they are probably not identical because of the Kabbalah's emphasis on numbers. The Kabbalah also contains a Forty-Five Lettered Name and a Seventy-Two Lettered Name.
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    • The number 42 appears in various contexts in Christianity. There are 42 generations (names) in the Gospel of Matthew's version of the Genealogy of Jesus; it is prophesied that for 42 months the Beast will hold dominion over the Earth (Revelation 13:5); 42 men of Beth-azmaveth were counted in the census of men of Israel upon return from exile (Ezra 2:24); God sent bears to maul 42 of the teenage boys who mocked Elisha for his baldness (2 Kings 2:23), etc.
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    • In Judaism, the number (in the Babylonian Talmud, compiled 375 AD to 499 AD) of the "Forty-Two Lettered Name" ascribed to God. Rab (or Rabhs), a 3rd-century source in the Talmud stated "The Forty-Two Lettered Name is entrusted only to him who is pious, meek, middle-aged, free from bad temper, sober, and not insistent on his rights". [Source: Talmud Kidduschin 71a, Translated by Rabbi Dr. I. Epstein]. Maimonides felt that the original Talmudic Forty-Two Lettered Name was perhaps composed of several combined divine names [Maimonides "Moreh"]. The apparently unpronouncable Tetragrammaton provides the backdrop from the Twelve-Lettered Name and the Forty-Two Lettered Name of the Talmud.[citation needed]
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    • The Gutenberg Bible is also known as the "42-line Bible", as the book contained 42 lines per page.
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    • The Forty-Two Articles (1552), largely the work of Thomas Cranmer, were intended to summarise Anglican doctrine, as it now existed under the reign of Edward VI.
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    Popular culture[edit]

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    The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy[edit]

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    The number 42 is, in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, "The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything", calculated by an enormous supercomputer over a period of 7.5 million years. Unfortunately no one knows what the question is. Thus, to calculate the Ultimate Question, a special computer the size of a small planet and built from organic components was created and named "Earth". This appeared first in the radio play and later in the novelization of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The fourth book in the series, the novel So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, contains 42 chapters. According to the novel Mostly Harmless, 42 is the street address of Stavromula Beta. In 1994 Adams created the 42 Puzzle, a game based on the number 42.

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    The book 42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life, the Universe and Everything[15] examines Adams' choice of the number 42 and also contains a compendium of some instances of the number in science, popular culture, and humour.

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    Works of Lewis Carroll[edit]

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    Lewis Carroll[16] made repeated use of this number in his writings.[17]

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    Examples of Carroll's use of 42:

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    • Alice's Adventures in Wonderland has 42 illustrations.
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    • Rule Forty-two in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland ("All persons more than a mile high to leave the court").
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    • Rule 42 of the Code in the preface[18] to The Hunting of the Snark ("No one shall speak to the Man at the Helm").
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    • In "fit the first" of The Hunting of the Snark the Baker had "forty-two boxes, all carefully packed, With his name painted clearly on each."[19]
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    • The White Queen announces her age as "one hundred and one, five months and a day", which - if the best possible date is assumed for the action of Through the Looking-Glass - gives a total of 37,044 days. With the further (textually unconfirmed) assumption that both Queens were born on the same day their combined age becomes 74,088 days, which is 42 x 42 x 42. Some commentators have asserted that this is deliberate on Carroll's part.[20]
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    Music[edit]

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    Television and film[edit]

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    • The Kumars at No. 42 television series. In 2003, Sanjeev Bhaskar hosted a BBC show nominating The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as Britain's Best Loved Book.
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    • A made for TV movie 42: Forty Two Up - an installment in a series of documentaries wherein the director revisits the same group of British-born individuals every 7 years.[21]
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    • "42" is an episode of Doctor Who, set in real time lasting approximately 42 minutes.
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    • The USS Enterprise D had 42 decks
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    • In an episode of Stargate Atlantis the character John Sheppard reveals that the number is the ultimate answer to life, the universe and everything, to the confusion of his alien companion.
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    • On the game show Jeopardy!, "Watson" the IBM supercomputer, has 42 "threads" in its avatar.[22]
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    • On the Unusuals TV-show there's an episode called "42". Detective Leo Banks recently turned 42. On account of his father, uncle, and grandfather dropping dead at 42, Leo is convinced he'll share their fate. There were 42s all over the episode.
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    • 42 (film) is a film on the life of American baseball player Jackie Robinson.
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    • I, Robot (film) 42 is the number of the first robot shown in the movie, a FedEx Delivery robot.
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    • 42 is the number of Tony Stark's latest armor (Mark 42) in Marvel Studios' movie Iron Man 3 by Shane Black starring Robert Downey Jr.
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    Video games[edit]

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    • 42 Entertainment is the company responsible for several alternate reality games, including I Love Bees, Year Zero, and Why So Serious.
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    • In Spore, reaching the center of the galaxy yields a powerful item known as the "Staff of Life" which has a limited 42 uses. It also grants the player an achievement titled "42".
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    • In Fable II, the last in a series of ancient artifacts the player can find says "Now just think of the number 42."
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    • In Left 4 Dead 2, 42 is the number of Moustachios that must be shot in the Dark Carnival campaign's Whack-a-Mole style mini-game in order to unlock the STACH WACKER achievement.
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    • In Halo Wars there is a Spartan-II Commando called Douglas-042.
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    Sports[edit]

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    +Jackie Robinson in his now-retired number 42 jersey.
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    Other fields[edit]

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    Other languages[edit]

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    References[edit]

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    1. ^ J. B. Conrey & A. Ghosh, "A conjecture for the sixth power moment of the Riemann zeta-function" International Mathematics Research Notices (1998)
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    2. ^ J. B. Conrey & S. M. Gonek, "High moments of the Riemann zeta-function" Duke Math J. 107 3 (2001): 577 – 604
      3. +
    3. ^ Differently Perfect - mathpages.com
      4. +
    4. ^ Sequence A019283 in OEIS
      5. +
    5. ^ Alex Zhai ties for second-highest score in 2007 USA Mathematical Olympiad - By Andrew Lovdahl Gargoyle staff reporter Posted Monday, May 7, 2007, The OG, news & student awards - Online Gargoyle
      6. +
    6. ^ CBC News staff, "Canadian math champ's skills add up to a perfect score" CBC News July 20, 2004. "A 16-year-old Canadian was one of four students who achieved a perfect score at an international mathematics competition. Jacob Tsimerman of Toronto scored 42 out of 42, making him one of 45 individual gold medallists at the 45th International Mathematical Olympiad in Athens."
      7. +
    7. ^ Cooper, Paul W. (1966). "Through the Earth in Forty Minutes". American Journal of Physics 34 (1): 68–69. doi:10.1119/1.1972773. 
      8. +
    8. ^ "To Everywhere in 42 Minutes". Time. February 11, 1966. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-18. 
      9. +
    9. ^ "Jumping into a 7,965 mile deep hole". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-18. 
      10. +
    10. ^ Carroll, Lewis (29 December 1893). "Chapter 7". Sylvie and Bruno Concluded 2. illustrated by Harry Furniss. United Kingdom: Macmillan and Co. "Each railway is in a long tunnel, perfectly straight: so of course the middle of it is nearer the centre of the globe than the two ends: so every train runs half-way down-hill, and that gives it force enough to run the other half up-hill." 
      11. +
    11. ^ Lee Middleton; Jayanthi Sivaswamy (2002). "Framework for practical hexagonal-image processing". Journal of Electronic Imaging 11 (104). doi:10.1117/1.1426078. Retrieved January 17, 2010 (abstract only). 
      12. +
    12. ^ "Maximum password age". Microsoft TechNet. Retrieved 15 January 2014. 
      13. +
    13. ^ Niiya, Brian. Japanese American history: an A-to-Z reference from 1868 to the present. Facts on File, Inc., 1993, p. 352
      14. +
    14. ^ Joel Primack; Nancy E. Abrams. "In A Beginning...Quantum Cosmology and Kabbalah" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-14. 
      15. +
    15. ^ Gill, Peter (February 3, 2011). "42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life the Universe and Everything". London: Guardian. Retrieved 03/04/2011. 
      16. +
    16. ^ Lewis Carroll and Douglas Adams
      17. +
    17. ^ The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, Jenny Woolf
      18. +
    18. ^ The Hunting of the Snark, by Lewis Carroll
      19. +
    19. ^ The Hunting of the Snark, by Lewis Carroll
      20. +
    20. ^ What Lewis Carroll Taught Us: Alice's creator knew all about role-playing. by Seth Lerer, March 4, 2010
      21. +
    21. ^ 42: Forty Two Up at IMDB
      22. +
    22. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2284721/ Ken Jennings
      23. +
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    External links[edit]

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    Look up forty-two in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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