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<a href="/blog/2020/07/10/Linux%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E5%B0%8F%E8%AE%B0/">
Linux命令小记
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<p>2020-07-10</p>
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<ol>
<li><p><code>rpm -q xx</code> 查询xx是否安装</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>yum install xx</code> 安装xx软件包</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>yum remove xx</code> 卸载xx软件包</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>vim /路径</code> 读写文件</p>
<ul>
<li>i：编辑模式</li>
<li>Exc：退出到命令模式</li>
<li>:wq：保存并退出Vim</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>startx</code> （一次性地）从命令行切换到桌面环境</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl get-default</code> 获取当前启动模式</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl set-default graphical.target</code> 修改启动模式为图形化</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl set-default multi-user.target</code> 修改启动模式为命令行</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>安装桌面环境</code> 安装桌面环境（这里安装 GNOME）</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl start xx</code> 启动xx服务</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl enable xx</code> 开机自启动xx服务</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-port=3389/tcp</code> 防火墙开放3389端口</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>firewall-cmd --reload</code> 重启防火墙</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl stop firewalld</code> 关闭防火墙</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl disable firewalld</code></p>
<p>禁止防火墙开机启动</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>cp /路径</code> 复制文件</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>systemctl daemon-reload</code></p>
<p>让服务文件修改生效</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>netstat -lnpt|grep xx</code> 查看xx的服务端口</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo yum update -y</code> 更新服务器地软件包</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo yum install java-1.8.0-openjdk -y</code> 安装 OpenJRE</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>java -version</code> 检测jre是否安装成功</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo useradd -m halo</code> 创建一个<strong>低权限</strong>地用户halo</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo su halo</code> 登录用户halo</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>wget url</code> 下载xx安装包</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>useradd [-d home] [-s shell] [-c comment] [-m [-k template]] [-f inactive] [-e expire ] [-p passwd] [-r] name</code> useradd或adduser命令用来建立用户帐号和创建用户的起始目录，使用权限是超级用户</p>
<p>主要参数</p>
<ul>
<li>-c：加上备注文字，备注文字保存在passwd的备注栏中。</li>
<li>-d：指定用户登入时的主目录，替换系统默认值/home/<用户名></li>
<li>-D：变更预设值。</li>
<li>-e：指定账号的失效日期，日期格式为MM/DD/YY，例如06/30/12。缺省表示永久有效。</li>
<li>-f：指定在密码过期后多少天即关闭该账号。如果为0账号立即被停用；如果为-1则账号一直可用。默认值为-1.</li>
<li>-g：指定用户所属的群组。值可以使组名也可以是GID。用户组必须已经存在的，期默认值为100，即users。</li>
<li>-G：指定用户所属的附加群组。</li>
<li>-m：自动建立用户的登入目录。</li>
<li>-M：不要自动建立用户的登入目录。</li>
<li>-n：取消建立以用户名称为名的群组。</li>
<li>-r：建立系统账号。</li>
<li>-s：指定用户登入后所使用的shell。默认值为/bin/bash。</li>
<li>-u：指定用户ID号。该值在系统中必须是唯一的。0~499默认是保留给系统用户账号使用的，所以该值必须大于499。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/irisrain/p/4324593.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.cnblogs.com/irisrain/p/4324593.html</a></p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><code>w # whoami</code> 查看当前登陆用户</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> 12:10:27 up 21:13, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.08</span><br><span class="line">USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT</span><br><span class="line">root pts/0 ***.**.***.** 11:33 0.00s 0.08s 0.00s w</span><br><span class="line">tmp_3254 ps1 ***.**.***.** 11:33 0.00s 0.08s 0.00s ls</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="27">
<li><p><code>su xxx # 或者直接 exit</code> 退出当前用户登录，进入一个有管理员权限的用户</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>pkill -kill -t [TTY]</code> 强制退出已经登陆用户</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">0pkill -kill -t ps1</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p><code>ls -a # ls --all</code> 查看当前目录下的所有文件</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>service xx restart</code> 重启xx应用</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>curl -o /路径 --create-dirs url</code> 下载配置文件、模板等文件</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo nginx -t</code> 检查Nginx配置是否有误</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo nginx -s reload</code> 重载Nginx配置</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo service xx status</code> 查看xx的运行状态</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo service halo stop</code> 停止xx</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo service halo restart</code> 重启xx</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo service halo start</code> 启动xx</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo systemctl daemon-reload</code> 修改<strong>service</strong>文件之后需要刷新<strong>Systemd</strong></p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo</code> 添加软件源信息</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo yum makecache fast</code> 更新yum缓存</p>
</li>
<li><p>镜像加速</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 新建 daemon.json 文件</span></span><br><span class="line">sudo vim /etc/docker/daemon.json</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>将下面的配置复制进去即可：</p>
<figure class="highlight json"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="attr">"registry-mirrors"</span>: [<span class="string">"http://hub-mirror.c.163.com"</span>]</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：修改完配置文件之后需要执行 <code>service docker restart</code> 才可生效。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li><p><code>sudo docker pull ruibaby/xx</code> 拉取xx的最新镜像</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>docker run --rm -it -d --name halo -p 8090:8090 -v ~/.halo:/root/.halo ruibaby/halo</code> 创建容器并运行halo</p>
<ul>
<li>–rm：停止之后自动删除容器。</li>
<li>–name：容器名。</li>
<li>-p：占用端口，前者为宿主机端口，后者为 Halo 的运行端口，可在 <code>application.yaml</code> 配置。</li>
<li>-v：目录映射，一般不要修改。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>netstat -tln # netstat -tln | grep 8080</code> 查找被占用的端口（可接特定端口号）</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>netstat -ntlp</code> 查看其他端口</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>lsof -i:8060</code> 查看端口属于哪个程序、端口被哪个进程占用</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>kill -9 进程id</code> 杀掉占用端口的进程 根据pid杀掉</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>shutdown -h now</code> 立即关机</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>shutdown -r now # reboot</code> 立即重启</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>docker run --name some-wordpress --link some-mysql:mysql -d wordpress</code> 参数说明：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>--name</code> 容器的的名字</li>
<li><code>--link</code> 和其他容器做连接</li>
<li><code>-d/--detach</code> 后台运行</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>docker run -d --privileged=true --name myMysql -v /data/mysql:/var/lib/mysql -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -p 33306:3306 mysql:5.6</code> 参数解释：</p>
<ul>
<li>-p: 端口映射，33306表示宿主，3306表示容器中的端口。 这里表示将宿主机的33306映射给镜像的3306.</li>
<li>-e: 环境变量， 环境变量和具体的Docker容器制作时设置有关，这里表示设置镜像中MySQL的root 密码时123456</li>
<li>-v: 指定数据卷，也就是将我们MySQL容器的<code>/var/lib/mysql</code>映射到宿主机的<code>/data/mysql</code></li>
<li><code>--privileged=true:</code> CentOS系统下的安全Selinux禁止了一些安全权限，导致MySQL容器在运行时会因为权限不足而报错，所以需要增加该选项</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>docker ps -a</code> 查看MySQL是否正常运行</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>docker stop 容器名</code> 停止运行</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>docker rm 容器名</code> 删除容器（之后去掉<code>-d</code>选项重新运行排查错误）</p>
</li>
<li><p>快速批量删除docker镜像或容器</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Docker本身并没有提供批量删除的功能，当有大量的镜像或者容器需要删除的时候，手动的一个一个删就比较麻烦了。</p>
</blockquote>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"># 直接删除所有镜像或容器</span><br><span class="line"> # 直接删除所有镜像</span><br><span class="line"> docker rmi `docker images -q`</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> # 直接删除所有容器</span><br><span class="line"> docker rm `docker ps -aq`</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line"># 按条件筛选之后删除</span><br><span class="line"> # 按条件筛选之后删除镜像</span><br><span class="line"> docker rmi `docker images | grep xxxxx | awk '{print $3}'`</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> # 按条件筛选之后删除容器</span><br><span class="line"> docker rm `docker ps -a | grep xxxxx | awk '{print $1}'`</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
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