代码拉取完成，页面将自动刷新
SPC t v
Four core pillars: Mnemonic, Discoverable, Consistent and “Crowd-Configured”.
If any of these core pillars is violated open an issue and we’ll try our best to fix it.
Key bindings are organized using mnemonic prefixes like b for buffer, p for
project, s for search, h for help etc…
Innovative real-time display of available key bindings. Simple query system to quickly find available layers, packages and more.
Similar functionalities have the same key binding everywhere thanks to a clearly defined set of conventions. Documentation is mandatory for any layer that ships with Spacemacs.
Community-driven configuration provides curated packages tuned by power users and bugs are fixed quickly.
Evil states (Vim modes).Gitter and IRC
(via Gitter IRC bridge)Python 
Note: Even though screenshots are updated frequently, Spacemacs is evolving quickly and the screenshots may not reflect exactly the current state of the project.
emacs editing style.emacs editing style which puts the leader key on a modifier
combination.hybrid.There are several methods of updating the core files and layer information for Spacemacs. It is recommended to update the packages first, see the next section.
Spacemacs will automatically check for a new version every startup. When it detects that a new version is available a arrow will appear in the modeline. Click it to update Spacemacs. You must restart Emacs after updating.
Update Button:
Note: If you use the develop branch of Spacemacs, you must update using git.
Use the button labeled “Update Spacemacs” in the Spacemacs buffer. You will be prompted for the version you would like to use.
Note: If you use the develop branch of Spacemacs, you cannot use this method.
To update manually close Emacs and update the git repository:
$ git pull --rebase
To update the Emacs packages used by Spacemacs press RET (enter) or click on the
link [Update Packages] in the startup page under the banner then restart
Emacs. If you prefer, you can use the command
configuration-layer/update-packages instead of the button.
If anything goes wrong you should be able to rollback the update by pressing
RET or clicking on the [Rollback Package Update] link next to the [Update
Packages] link and choose a rollback slot (sorted by date). This button uses
the command configuration-layer/rollback.
Note: This is a very simple overview of how layers work. A more extensive introduction to writing configuration layers can be found here.
Layers help collect related packages together to provide features. For example,
the python layer provides auto-completion, syntax checking, and repl support
for python files. This approach helps keep configuration organized and reduces
overhead for the user by keeping them from having to think about what packages
to install
Configuration is organized in layers. Each layer has the following structure:
[layer_name] |__ [local] | |__ [package 1] | | ... | |__ [package n] |__ config.el |__ funcs.el |__ keybindings.el |__ packages.el [] = directory
Where:
| File | Usage |
|---|---|
| config.el | Emacs built-in configuration or mandatory configuration |
| funcs.el | Various functions and macros (often used in keybindings.el) |
| keybindings.el | Emacs built-in key bindings or mandatory key bindings |
| packages.el | The list of packages to install and the functions to initialize them |
Packages are ELPA packages which can be installed from an ELPA compliant
repository, local packages in a layer’s local folder, or packages that can be
installed from an online source using quelpa.
Packages are declared in variables and <layer>-packages where <layer> is
the layer name. They are processed in alphabetical order so sometimes you’ll
have to use some eval-after-load black magic.
Example:
(setq <layer>-packages '(package1 package2 ...)
For details on installing local packages using quelpa or in the layer’s local
folder, see LAYERS.
To initialize an extension or a package xxx, define a function with this
format in or packages.el:
(defun <layer>/init-xxx () ...body )
It is common to define the body with the use-package macro.
It is possible to exclude some packages from Spacemacs on a per layer basis. This is useful when a configuration layer aims to replace a stock package declared in the Spacemacs layer.
To do so add the package names to exclude to the variable
<layer>-excluded-packages.
Example:
(setq <layer>-excluded-packages '(package1 package2 ...)
Sometimes a layer can be an unnecessary overhead, this is the case if you just want to install a package without any configuration associated to it. A good example is some niche language where you are only interested syntax highlighting.
You can install such packages by adding them to the variable
dotspacemacs-additional-packages in your dotfile.
If you want to add some configuration for them then consider to create a layer,
or just put the configuration in the dotspacemacs/user-config function.
Example to install llvm-mode and dts-mode:
(setq dotspacemacs-additional-packages '(llvm-mode dts-mode)
Spacemacs features a synchronization engine for the ELPA packages. It means
that Spacemacs will auto-install the new packages in <layer>-packages lists
and auto-delete orphan packages in your elpa directory.
It effectively makes Spacemacs behave like Vundle.
There are three types of configuration layers:
private directory, they are ignored by Git)layers directory, those layers are contributions shared
by the community and merged upstream).If you decide to provide a contrib configuration layer, please check the
contribution guidelines in CONTRIBUTING.
This is a simple contrib configuration layer listing a bunch of themes, you
can find it here.
To install it, just add themes-megapack to your ~/.spacemacs like so:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layers '(themes-megapack))
You have now installed around 100 themes you are free to try with SPC T h
(helm-themes).
Spacemacs configuration system is flexible enough to let you manage your private layers in different ways.
Everything in the private directory is ignored by Git so it is a good place to store private layers. There is a huge drawback to this approach though: your layers are not source controlled.
This is the recommended way to manage your private layers.
The best approach is to store all your private layers into an external Git
repository. It is especially a good practice to store them in your dotfiles
repository if you have one. Put also your ~/.spacemacs file in it.
Then you are free to symlink your layers into ~/emacs.d/private or let them
anywhere you want and reference the parent directory in the variable
dotspacemacs-configuration-layer-path of your ~/.spacemacs.
Note that you could also have a dedicated repository for all your private layers
and then directly clone this repository in ~/.emacs.d/private.
The final main way to manage your private layers is to push them in a personal
branch that you keep up to date with upstream master or develop.
Please refer to this introduction for some tips on writing layers, and how to best make them fit with the Spacemacs philosophy and loading strategy.
User configuration can be stored in your ~/.spacemacs file.
The very first time Spacemacs starts up, it will prompt you to choose your
editing style. Once you choose a style, the .spacemacs file will be created
from a template.
Since v0.104 you have the option of using ~/.spacemacs.d/init.el for your
dotfile instead of ~/.spacemacs. If you want to use this option, simply move
~/.spacemacs to ~/.spacemacs.d/init.el. ~/.spacemacs will always take
priority over ~/.spacemacs.d/init.el, so ~/.spacemacs must be missing for
~/.spacemacs.d/init.el to be used by spacemacs.
If you use this option, everything that applies to ~/.spacemacs in this guide
will now apply to ~/.spacemacs.d/init.el.
It is also possible to override the location of ~/.spacemacs.d/ using the
environment variable SPACEMACSDIR. Of course you can also use symlinks to
change the location of this directory.
To apply the modifications made in ~/.spacemacs press SPC f e R. It will
re-execute the Spacemacs initialization process.
Note: A synchronization re-executes the functions dotspacemacs/init and
dotspacemacs/user-config. Depending on the content of this functions you may
encounter some unwanted side effects. For instance if you use a toggle in
dotspacemac/user-config to enable some behavior, this behavior will be turned
off whenever the dotfile is re-synchronized. To avoid these side-effects it is
recommended to either use setq expressions instead of toggle functions, or to
use the on or off versions instead (i.e. instead of
spacemacs/toggle-<thing>, use spacemacs/toggle-<thing>-on or
spacemacs/toggle-<thing>-off). It is possible to skip the execution of
dotspacemacs/user-config with the universal argument (SPC u SPC f e R).
You can use the command SPC : dotspacemacs/test-dotfile to check if your
~/.spacemacs looks correct. This will check, among other things, whether the
declared layers can be found and that the variables have sensible values. These
tests are also run automatically when you synchronize with SPC f e R.
To use a configuration layer, add it to the dotspacemacs-configuration-layers
variable of your ~/.spacemacs.
For instance to add the configuration layer of RMS:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layers '(rms))
If this layer does not exist you can still try another one in the layers
directory.
Configuration layers are expected to be stored in ~/.emacs.d/private or
~/.emacs.d/layers. But you are free to keep them somewhere else by declaring
additional paths where Spacemacs can look for configuration layers. This is
done by setting the list dotspacemacs-configuration-layer-path in your
~/.spacemacs:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layer-path '("~/.myconfig/"))
Some configuration layers have configuration variables to enable specific
support. For instance the git layer has several configuration variables, they
can be set directly in the dotspacemacs-configuration-layers like this:
(defun dotspacemacs/layers ()
;; List of configuration layers to load.
(setq-default dotspacemacs-configuration-layers '(auto-completion
(git :variables
git-magit-status-fullscreen t)
smex)))
You can exclude packages you don’t want to install with the variable
dotspacemacs-excluded-packages, this variable can exclude both packages and
extensions (see Configuration layers for more info on
packages and extensions).
For instance to disable the rainbow-delimiters package:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-excluded-packages '(rainbow-delimiters))
When you exclude a package, Spacemacs will automatically delete it for you the next time you launch Emacs. All the orphan dependencies are as well delete automatically.
Three special functions of the ~/.spacemacs file can be used to perform
configuration at the beginning and end of Spacemacs loading process.
dotspacemacs/init is triggered at the very beginning of Spacemacs
loading. You can configure Spacemacs variables here.dotspacemacs/user-init is also triggered at the very beginning of Spacemacs
loading. User initialization occurs here.dotspacemacs/user-config is triggered at the very end of Spacemacs
loading. Most user configuration should go here.Key sequences are bound to commands in Emacs in various keymaps. The most basic
map is the global-map. Setting a key binding the global-map uses the function
global-set-key as follows (to the command forward-char in this case).
(global-set-key (kbd "C-]") 'forward-char)
The kbd macro accepts a string describing a key sequence. The global-map is
often shadowed by other maps. For example, evil-mode defines keymaps that target
states (or modes in vim terminology). Here is an example that creates the same
binding as above but only in insert state (define-key is a built-in function.
Evil-mode has its own functions for defining keys).
(define-key evil-insert-state-map (kbd "C-]") 'forward-char)
Perhaps most importantly for spacemacs is the use of the evil-leader package, which binds keys to the evil-leader keymap. This is where most of the spacemacs bindings live. There are two related commands from this package which are used as follows.
(spacemacs/set-leader-keys "C-]" 'forward-char)
(spacemacs/set-leader-keys-for-major-mode 'emacs-lisp-mode "C-]" 'forward-char)
These functions use a macro like kbd to translate the key sequences for you.
The second function, spacemacs/set-leader-keys-for-major-mode, binds the key only in the
specified mode. The second key binding would not be in effect in org-mode for
example.
Finally, one should be aware of prefix keys. Essentially, all keymaps can be
nested. Nested keymaps are used extensively in spacemacs, and in vanilla Emacs
for that matter. For example, SPC a points to key bindings for “applications”,
like SPC ac for calc-dispatch. Nesting bindings is easy.
(spacemacs/declare-prefix "]" "bracket-prefix")
(spacemacs/set-leader-keys "]]" 'double-bracket-command)
The first line declares SPC ] to be a prefix and the second binds the key
sequence SPC ]] to the corresponding command. The first line is actually
unnecessary to create the prefix, but it will give your new prefix a name that
key-discovery tools can use (e.g., which-key).
There is much more to say about bindings keys, but these are the basics. Keys
can be bound in your ~/.spacemacs file or in individual layers.
Custom variables configuration from M-x customize-group which are
automatically saved by Emacs are stored at the end of your ~/.spacemacs file.
Spacemacs behaves like in Vim using Evil mode package to emulate Vim key bindings.
This is the default style of Spacemacs, it can be set explicitly by setting
the dotspacemacs-editing-style variable to vim in the dotfile.
Spacemacs behaves like in raw Emacs using the Holy mode which configures Evil to
make the emacs state the default state everywhere.
Set the dotspacemacs-editing-style variable to emacs in the dotfile.
In Emacs style the leader is available on M-m. It is possible to dynamically
switch between evil and holy mode using SPC t E h and M-m t E h.
The hybrid editing style is like the Vim style except that insert state
has all the Emacs key bindings available like in emacs state. The insert state
in hybrid mode is called the hybrid state and you have to map your key bindings
in evil-hybrid-state-map keymap instead of evil-insert-state-map.
Hybrid mode can be enabled by setting dotspacemacs-editing-style to hybrid.
To switch between evil and hybrid mode use SPC t E y and M-m t E y.
The default state in hybrid mode can be changed by setting the variable
hybrid-mode-default-state to a state value, the default is normal, set it
to hybrid to start in hybrid insert state instead of normal state.
Some buffers (such as Magit, for using git from within Emacs), are not for
editing text, and provide their own keybindings for certain operations. These
often conflict with Vim bindings. To make such buffers behave Vim-like in a
consistent manner, they use a special state called evilified state. In
evilified state, a handful of keys work as in Evil, namely /, :, h, j,
k, l, n, N, v, V, gg, G, C-f, C-b, C-d, C-e, C-u,
C-y and C-z.
All other keys work as intended by the underlying mode.
Shadowed keys are moved according to the pattern: a → A → C-a → C-A
For example, if the mode binds a function to n, that is found under C-n in
evilified state, since both n and N are reserved, but C-n is not. On the
other hand, anything originally bound to k will be found on K, since k is
reserved but K is not. If there is a binding on K, that will be moved to
C-k.
In addition to this, C-g, being an important escape key in Emacs, is skipped.
So anything bound to g originally will be found on C-G, since g, G and
C-g are all reserved.
Spacemacs has 10 states:
| State | Color | Description |
|---|---|---|
| normal | orange | like the normal mode of Vim, used to execute and combine commands |
| insert | green | like the insert mode of Vim, used to actually insert text |
| visual | gray | like the visual mode of Vim, used to make text selection |
| motion | purple | exclusive to Evil, used to navigate read only buffers |
| emacs | blue | exclusive to Evil, using this state is like using a regular Emacs without Vim |
| replace | chocolate | exclusive to Evil, overwrites the character under point instead of inserting a new one |
| hybrid | blue | exclusive to Spacemacs, this is like the insert state except that all the emacs key bindings are available |
| evilified | light brown | exclusive to Spacemacs, this is an emacs state modified to bring Vim navigation, selection and search. |
| lisp | pink | exclusive to Spacemacs, used to navigate Lisp code and modify it (more info) |
| iedit | red | exclusive to Spacemacs, used to navigate between multiple regions of text using iedit (more info) |
| iedit-insert | red | exclusive to Spacemacs, used to replace multiple regions of text using iedit (more info) |
Note: Technically speaking there is also the operator evil state.
Spacemacs heavily uses the evil-leader mode which brings the Vim leader key to the Emacs world.
This leader key is commonly set to ~,~ by Vim users, in Spacemacs the leader
key is set on SPC (space bar, hence the name spacemacs). This key is the
most accessible key on a keyboard and it is pressed with the thumb which is a
good choice to lower the risk of RSI.
So with Spacemacs there is no need to remap your keyboard modifiers to attempt
to reduce the risk of RSI, every command can be executed very easily while you
are in normal mode by pressing the SPC leader key, here are a few examples:
SPC f s
SPC f S
helm: SPC b b
The universal argument C-u is an important command in Emacs but it is also a
very handy Vim key binding to scroll up.
Spacemacs binds C-u to scroll-up and change the universal argument binding
to SPC u.
Note: SPC u is not working before helm-M-x (SPC :). Instead, call
helm-M-x first, select the command you want to run, and press C-u before
pressing RETURN. For instance: SPC : org-reload C-u RET
Spacemacs defines a wide variety of micro-states (temporary overlay maps)
where it makes sense. This prevents one from doing repetitive and tedious
presses on the SPC key.
When a micro-state is active, a documentation is displayed in the minibuffer.
Additional information may as well be displayed in the minibuffer.
Auto-highlight-symbol micro-state:
f, t, F, or T command in
opposite direction in Vim, but in Spacemacs it is the major mode specific
leader key by default (which can be set on another key binding in the
dotfile).Y key does not yank the whole line. It yanks from the current point to
the end of the line. This is more consistent with the behavior of C and D
and is also recommended by the vim documentation.Send a PR to add the differences you found in this section.
There is one obvious visible difference though. It is not between Evil and
Vim but between Spacemacs and vim-surround: the surround command is on S
in vim-surround whereas it is on s in Spacemacs.
This is something that can surprise some Vim users so let me explain why this is the case:
s and c do the same thing in visual state,s is only useful to delete one character and add more than one character
which is a very narrow use casec accept motions and can do everything s can do in normal state
r but r is more useful because it stays in normal state
surround command is just a more powerful command than s.If you are not convinced, then here is the snippet to revert back to the default
Vim + vim-surround setup (add it to your dotspacemacs/user-config function or
your ~/.spacemacs):
(evil-define-key 'visual evil-surround-mode-map "s" 'evil-substitute)
(evil-define-key 'visual evil-surround-mode-map "S" 'evil-surround-region)
Spacemacs ships with the following evil plugins:
| Mode | Description |
|---|---|
| evil-leader | vim leader that bring a new layer of keys in normal mode |
| evil-indent-textobject | add text object based on indentation level |
| evil-visualstar | search for current selection with *
|
| evil-exchange | port of vim-exchange |
| evil-surround | port of vim-surround |
| evil-matchit | port of matchit.vim |
| evil-nerd-commenter | port of nerdcommenter |
| evil-search-highlight-persist | emulation of hlsearch behavior |
| evil-numbers | like C-a and C-x in vim |
| evil-args | motions and text objects for arguments |
| evil-jumper | jump list emulation |
| NeoTree | mimic NERD Tree |
Spacemacs has unique UI elements to make the Emacs experience even more enjoyable:
helm-spacemacs
Spacemacs has a minimalistic and distraction free graphical UI:
The official Spacemacs theme is spacemacs-dark and it is the default theme
installed when you first started Spacemacs. There are two variants of the
theme, a dark one and a light one. Some aspect of these themes can be customized
in the function dotspacemacs/user-init of your ~/.spacemacs:
spacemacs-theme-comment-bg
spacemacs-theme-org-height
It is possible to define your default themes in your ~/.spacemacs with the
variable dotspacemacs-themes. For instance, to specify solarized-light,
leuven and zenburn:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-themes '(solarized-light leuven zenburn))
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC T n |
switch to next theme listed in dotspacemacs-themes. |
SPC T h |
select a theme using a helm buffer. |
You can see samples of all included themes in this theme gallery from Rob Merrell.
Note:
dotspacemacs-themes, Spacemacs is smart enough to remove those
packages from the list of orphans.Hint: If you are an Org user, leuven-theme is amazing ;-)
The default font used by Spacemacs is Source Code Pro by Adobe. It is recommended to install it on your system.
To change the default font set the variable dotspacemacs-default-font in your
.spacemacs file.
By default its value is:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-default-font '("Source Code Pro"
:size 13
:weight normal
:width normal
:powerline-scale 1.1))
The properties should be pretty straightforward, it is possible to set any valid property of a font-spec:
:family Font family or fontset (a string).:width Relative character width. This should be one of the symbols:
:height The height of the font. In the simplest case, this is an integer
in units of 1/10 point.:weight Font weight- one of the symbols (from densest to faintest):
:slant Font slant- one of the symbols:
:size The font size- either a non-negative integer that specifies the
pixel size, or a floating-point number that specifies the point size.:adstyle Additional typographic style information for the font, such as
‘sans’. The value should be a string or a symbol.:registry The charset registry and encoding of the font, such as
‘iso8859-1’. The value should be a string or a symbol.:script The script that the font must support (a symbol).The special property :powerline-scale is Spacemacs specific and it is for
quick tweaking of the mode-line height in order to avoid crappy rendering of the
separators like on the following screenshot (default value is 1.1).
Ugly separators
Some graphical UI indicators can be toggled on and off (toggles start with t
and T):
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC t f |
display the fill column (by default the fill column is set to 80) |
SPC t h h |
toggle highlight of the current line |
SPC t h i |
toggle highlight indentation levels |
SPC t h c |
toggle highlight indentation current column |
SPC t i |
toggle indentation guide at point |
SPC t l |
toggle truncate lines |
SPC t L |
toggle visual lines |
SPC t n |
toggle line numbers |
SPC t v |
toggle smooth scrolling |
| Key Binding | Description |
SPC T ~ |
display ~ in the fringe on empty lines |
SPC T F |
toggle frame fullscreen |
SPC T f |
toggle display of the fringe |
SPC T m |
toggle menu bar |
SPC T M |
toggle frame maximize |
SPC T t |
toggle tool bar |
SPC T T |
toggle frame transparency and enter transparency micro-state |
Note: These toggles are all available via the helm-spacemacs interface (press
SPC h SPC to display the helm-spacemacs buffer).
Line numbers can be toggled on in all prog-mode and text-mode buffers by
setting the dotspacemacs-line-numbers variable in your ~/.spacemacs
to something different than nil.
(setq-default dotspacemacs-line-numbers t)
If it is set to relative, line numbers are show in a relative way:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-line-numbers 'relative)
There are some added mouse features set for the line number margin (if shown):
The mode line is a heavily customized powerline with the following capabilities:
Reminder of the color codes for the states:
| Evil State | Color |
|---|---|
| Normal | Orange |
| Insert | Green |
| Visual | Grey |
| Emacs | Blue |
| Motion | Purple |
| Replace | Chocolate |
| Lisp | Pink |
| Iedit/Iedit-Insert | Red |
Some elements can be dynamically toggled:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC t m b |
toggle the battery status |
SPC t m c |
toggle the org task clock (available in org layer) |
SPC t m m |
toggle the minor mode lighters |
SPC t m M |
toggle the major mode |
SPC t m n |
toggle the cat! (if colors layer is declared in your dotfile) |
SPC t m p |
toggle the point character position |
SPC t m t |
toggle the mode line itself |
SPC t m v |
toggle the version control info |
SPC t m V |
toggle the new version lighter |
Users who run Emacs in terminal mode may need to install the Powerline patched fonts and configure their terminal clients to use them to make the Powerline separators render correctly.
When Flycheck minor mode is enabled, a new element appears showing the number of errors, warnings and info.
Anzu shows the number of occurrence when performing a search. Spacemacs
integrates nicely the Anzu status by displaying it temporarily when n or N
are being pressed. See the 5/6 segment on the screenshot below.
fancy-battery displays the percentage of total charge of the battery as well as the time remaining to charge or discharge completely the battery.
A color code is used for the battery status:
| Battery State | Color |
|---|---|
| Charging | Green |
| Discharging | Orange |
| Critical | Red |
Note the these colors may vary depending on your theme.
It is possible to easily customize the powerline separator by setting the
powerline-default-separator variable in your ~./spacemacs. For instance if
you want to set back the separator to the well-known arrow separator add the
following snippet to your configuration file:
(defun dotspacemacs/user-config ()
"This is were you can ultimately override default Spacemacs configuration.
This function is called at the very end of Spacemacs initialization."
(setq powerline-default-separator 'arrow))
To save you the time to try all the possible separators provided by the powerline, here is an exhaustive set of screenshots:
| Separator | Screenshot |
|---|---|
alternate |
 |
arrow |
 |
arrow-fade |
 |
bar |
 |
box |
 |
brace |
 |
butt |
 |
chamfer |
 |
contour |
 |
curve |
 |
rounded |
 |
roundstub |
 |
slant |
 |
wave |
|
zigzag |
 |
nil |
 |
Spacemacs uses diminish mode to reduce the size of minor mode indicators:
The minor mode area can be toggled on and off with SPC t m m
Unicode symbols are displayed by default. Setting the variable
dotspacemacs-mode-line-unicode-symbols to nil in your ~/.spacemacs will
display ASCII characters instead (may be useful in terminal if you cannot set an
appropriate font).
The letters displayed in the mode-line correspond to the key bindings used to toggle them.
Some toggle have two flavors: local and global. The global version of the toggle
can be reached using the control key.
| Key Binding | Unicode | ASCII | Mode |
|---|---|---|---|
SPC t - |
⊝ |
- | centered-cursor mode |
SPC t C-- |
⊝ |
global centered cursor | |
SPC t a |
ⓐ |
a | auto-completion |
SPC t c |
ⓒ |
c | camel case motion with subword mode |
none |
ⓔ |
e | evil-org mode |
SPC t E e |
Ⓔe |
Ee | emacs editing style (holy mode) |
SPC t E h |
Ⓔh |
Eh | hybrid editing style (hybrid mode) |
SPC t f |
fill-column-indicator mode | ||
SPC t F |
Ⓕ |
F | auto-fill mode |
SPC t g |
ⓖ |
g | golden-ratio mode |
SPC t h i |
ⓗi |
hi | toggle highlight indentation levels |
SPC t h c |
ⓗc |
hc | toggle highlight indentation current column |
SPC t i |
ⓘ |
i | indentation guide |
SPC t C-i |
ⓘ |
i | global indentation guide |
SPC t I |
Ⓘ |
I | aggressive indent mode |
SPC t K |
Ⓚ |
K | which-key mode |
SPC t p |
ⓟ |
p | smartparens mode |
SPC t C-p |
ⓟ |
global smartparens | |
SPC t s |
ⓢ |
s | syntax checking (flycheck) |
SPC t S |
Ⓢ |
S | enabled in spell checking layer (flyspell) |
SPC t w |
ⓦ |
w | whitespace mode |
SPC t C-w |
Ⓦ |
W | global whitespace |
SPC t y |
ⓨ |
y | yasnippet mode |
Spacemacs uses Spaceline to provide its mode-line. It consists of a number of
segments arranged on the left and right sides. These are defined in the
variables spaceline-left and spaceline-right. Segments can be defined using
spaceline-define-segment, and added to the appropriate location in the left or
right hand side variables.
Please see the Spaceline documentation for more information.
Spacemacs is based on Vim modal user interface to navigate and edit text. If
you are not familiar with the Vim way of editing text you can try the
evil-tutor lessons by pressing SPC h T at any time.
Spacemacs uses evil-escape to
easily switch between insert state and normal state by quickly pressing the
fd keys.
The choice of fd was made to be able to use the same sequence to escape from
“everything” in Emacs:
If you find yourself in a buffer where the Spacemacs (SPC) or Vim
keybindings don’t work you can use this to get back to normal state (for
example in SPC : customize press fd to make SPC b b work again).
This sequence can be customized in your ~/.spacemacs.
Example to set it to jj:
(defun dotspacemacs/user-config ()
(setq-default evil-escape-key-sequence "jj"))
Note: Although jj or jk are popular choices of vim users, these key
sequences are not optimal for Spacemacs. Indeed it is very easy in visual
state to press quickly jj and inadvertently escape to normal state.
| Command | Key Binding |
|---|---|
| Vim (ex-command) | : |
| Emacs (M-x) | SPC : |
The command key : can be easily changed with the variable
dotspacemacs-command-key of your ~/.spacemacs. Note that is will change both
: and SPC : bindings to keep the symmetry between Vim and Emacs. A good key
can be ~,~ for example.
On top of Vim modes (modes are called states in Spacemacs) there is a
special key called the leader key which once pressed gives a whole new keyboard
layer. The leader key is by default SPC (space). It is possible to change this
key with the variable dotspacemacs-leader-key.
Additional text objects are defined in Spacemacs:
| Object | Description |
|---|---|
a |
an argument |
g |
the entire buffer |
$ |
text between $
|
* |
text between *
|
8 |
text between /* and */
|
% |
text between %
|
\vert |
text between \vert
|
SPC o and SPC m o are reserved for the user. Setting key bindings behind
these is guaranteed to never conflict with Spacemacs default key bindings.
Example: Put (spacemacs/set-leader-keys "oc" 'org-capture) inside
dotspacemacs/user-config in your ~/.spacemacs file, to be able to use SPC o
c to run org mode capture.
Spacemacs is powered by Helm which is an incremental completion and selection narrowing framework.
Helm is the central control tower of Spacemacs, it is used to manage
buffers, projects, search results, configuration layers, toggles and more…
Mastering Helm will make you a Spacemacs power user. Do not hesitate to read
the Helm documentation wiki.
The command bound to C-z is much more useful than the one bound to Tab, so it
makes sense to swap them. It’s also recommended here.
If you find yourself unable to return focus to Helm (after a careless
mouse-click for example), use SPC w b to return focus to the minibuffer.
Spacemacs defines a micro-state for Helm to make it work like Vim’s Unite
plugin.
Initiate the micro-state with M-SPC or s-M-SPC while in a Helm buffer.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
M-SPC or s-M-SPC
|
initiate the micro-state |
q |
quit micro-state |
TAB |
switch to actions page and leave the micro-state |
1 |
execute action 0 |
2 |
execute action 1 |
3 |
execute action 2 |
4 |
execute action 3 |
5 |
execute action 4 |
6 |
execute action 5 |
7 |
execute action 6 |
8 |
execute action 7 |
9 |
execute action 8 |
0 |
execute action 9 |
a |
switch to actions page |
g |
go to first candidate |
G |
go to last candidate |
h |
go to previous source |
j |
select next candidate |
k |
select previous candidate |
l |
go to next source |
t |
mark current candidate |
T |
mark all candidates |
v |
execute persistent action |
A help buffer is displayed each time the SPC key is pressed in normal mode.
It lists the available key bindings and their associated commands.
By default the which-key buffer will be displayed quickly after the key has been
pressed. You can change the delay by setting the variable
dotspacemacs-which-key-delay to your liking (the value is in second).
It is possible to search for specific key bindings by pressing SPC ?.
To narrow the list to some key bindings using the leader key type a pattern like
this regular expression: SPC\ b which would list all buffer related
bindings.
Describe functions are powerful Emacs introspection commands to get
information about functions, variables, modes etc. These commands are bound
thusly:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC h d b |
describe bindings in a helm buffer |
SPC h d c |
describe current character under point |
SPC h d f |
describe a function |
SPC h d F |
describe a face |
SPC h d k |
describe a key |
SPC h d K |
describe a keymap |
SPC h d l |
copy last pressed keys that you can paste in gitter chat |
SPC h d m |
describe current modes |
SPC h d p |
describe a package |
SPC h d s |
copy system information that you can paste in gitter chat |
SPC h d t |
describe a theme |
SPC h d v |
describe a variable |
Other help key bindings:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC h SPC |
discover Spacemacs documentation, layers and packages using helm
|
SPC h i |
search in info pages with the symbol at point |
SPC h k |
show top-level bindings with which-key
|
SPC h L |
go to library a implementation |
SPC h m |
search available man pages |
SPC h n |
browse emacs news |
Navigation key bindings in help-mode:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
g b or [
|
go back (same as clicking on [back] button) |
g f or ]
|
go forward (same as clicking on [forward] button) |
g h |
go to help for symbol under point |
Reporting an issue:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC h I |
Open a page for creating a new Spacemacs issue on GitHub with information pre-filled |
SPC u SPC h I |
Open a page for creating a new Spacemacs issue on GitHub with information pre-filled |
Note: If these two bindings are used with the *Backtrace* buffer open, the
backtrace is automatically included
All layers can be easily discovered via helm-spacemacs accessible with SPC f
e h.
The following helm actions are available:
README.org
packages.el
extensions.el
helm-spacemacs also lists all the packages available in Spacemacs. The entry
format is (layer) packages. If you type flycheck you’ll be able to see all
the layers where flycheck is used.
The following helm actions are available on packages:
package-list-packages is where you can browse for all available packages in the
different Elpa repositories. It is possible to upgrade packages from there but
it is not recommended, use the [Update Packages] link on the Spacemacs startup
page instead.
Spacemacs uses Paradox instead of package-list-packages to list available
ELPA packages. Paradox enhances the package list buffer with better feedbacks,
new filters and Github information like the number of stars. Optionally you can
also star packages directly in the buffer.
Important Note 1: Installing a new package from Paradox won’t make it
persistent. To install a package persistently you have to add it explicitly to a
configuration layer.
Important Note 2: Don’t update your packages from Paradox or
package-list-packages because they don’t support the rollback feature of
Spacemacs.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC a k |
launch paradox
|
/ |
evil-search |
f k |
filter by keywords |
f r |
filter by regexp |
f u |
display only installed package with updates available |
h |
go left |
H |
show help (not accurate) |
j |
go down |
k |
go up |
l |
go right |
L |
show last commits |
n |
next search occurrence |
N |
previous search occurrence |
o |
open package homepage |
r |
refresh |
S P |
sort by package name |
S S |
sort by status (installed, available, etc…) |
S * |
sort by Github stars |
v |
visual state |
V |
visual-line state |
x |
execute (action flags) |
helm-spacemacs is also a central place to discover the available toggles. To
display only the toggles source press C-l (or in Helm micro-state you can
press just l).
The following helm actions are available on packages:
Tips Use SPC h l to resume the last helm session. It is handy to quickly
toggle on and off a toggle.
Navigation is performed using the Vi key bindings hjkl.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
h |
move cursor left |
j |
move cursor down |
k |
move cursor up |
l |
move cursor right |
H |
move cursor to the top of the screen |
L |
move cursor to the bottom of the screen |
SPC j h |
go to the beginning of line (and set a mark at the previous location in the line) |
SPC j l |
go to the end of line (and set a mark at the previous location in the line) |
SPC t - |
lock the cursor at the center of the screen |
smooth-scrolling prevent the point to jump when it reaches the top or bottom of the screen. It is enabled by default.
On Windows, you may want to disable it. To disable the smooth scrolling set the
dotspacemacs-smooth-scrolling variable in your ~/.spacemacs to nil:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-smooth-scrolling nil)
You can also toggle smooth scrolling with SPC t v.
Spacemacs uses the evil integration of avy which enables the
invocation of avy during motions.
For instance, it is useful for deleting a set of visual lines from the current line.
Try the following sequence in a buffer containing some text: d SPC j l, followed by
selecting an avy candidate.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC j j |
initiate avy jump char |
SPC j w |
initiate avy jump word |
SPC j l |
initiate avy jump line |
SPC j u |
go back to the previous location (before the jump) |
Similar to avy, ace-link allows one to jump to any link in
help-mode and info-mode with two key strokes.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
o |
initiate ace link mode in help-mode and info-mode
|
Every window has a number displayed at the start of the mode-line and
can be quickly accessed using SPC number.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC 1 |
go to window number 1 |
SPC 2 |
go to window number 2 |
SPC 3 |
go to window number 3 |
SPC 4 |
go to window number 4 |
SPC 5 |
go to window number 5 |
SPC 6 |
go to window number 6 |
SPC 7 |
go to window number 7 |
SPC 8 |
go to window number 8 |
SPC 9 |
go to window number 9 |
SPC 0 |
go to window number 0 |
Windows manipulation commands (start with w):
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC w = |
balance split windows |
SPC w b |
force the focus back to the minibuffer (usefull with helm popups) |
SPC w c |
close a window |
SPC w C |
delete another window using ace-delete-window |
SPC w d |
toggle window dedication (dedicated window cannot be reused by a mode) |
SPC w h |
move to window on the left |
SPC w H |
move window to the left |
SPC w j |
move to window below |
SPC w J |
move window to the bottom |
SPC w k |
move to window above |
SPC w K |
move window to the top |
SPC w l |
move to window on the right |
SPC w L |
move window to the right |
SPC w m |
maximize/minimize a window (maximize is equivalent to delete other windows) |
SPC w M |
maximize/minimize a window, when maximized the buffer is centered |
SPC w o |
cycle and focus between frames |
SPC w p m |
open messages buffer in a popup window |
SPC w p p |
close the current sticky popup window |
SPC w R |
rotate windows clockwise |
SPC w s or SPC w -
|
horizontal split |
SPC w S |
horizontal split and focus new window |
SPC w u |
undo window layout (used to effectively undo a closed window) |
SPC w U |
redo window layout |
SPC w v or SPC w /
|
vertical split |
SPC w V |
vertical split and focus new window |
SPC w w |
cycle and focus between windows |
SPC w SPC |
select window using ace-window |
A convenient window manipulation micro-state allows to perform most of the actions listed above. The micro-state allows additional actions as well like window resizing.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC w . |
initiate micro-state |
? |
display the full documentation in minibuffer |
0 |
go to window number 0 |
1 |
go to window number 1 |
2 |
go to window number 2 |
3 |
go to window number 3 |
4 |
go to window number 4 |
5 |
go to window number 5 |
6 |
go to window number 6 |
7 |
go to window number 7 |
8 |
go to window number 8 |
9 |
go to window number 9 |
/ |
vertical split |
- |
horizontal split |
[ |
shrink window horizontally |
] |
enlarge window horizontally |
{ |
shrink window vertically |
} |
enlarge window vertically |
c |
close window |
C |
close other windows |
g |
toggle golden-ratio on and off |
h |
go to window on the left |
j |
go to window below |
k |
go to window above |
l |
go to window on the right |
H |
move window to the left |
J |
move window to the bottom |
K |
move bottom to the top |
L |
move window to the right |
o |
focus other frame |
R |
rotate windows |
s |
horizontal split |
S |
horizontal split and focus new window |
u |
undo window layout (used to effectively undo a closed window) |
U |
redo window layout |
v |
vertical split |
V |
horizontal split and focus new window |
w |
focus other window |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
If you resize windows like crazy you may want to give a try to golden-ratio.
golden-ratio resizes windows dynamically depending on whether they are
selected or not. By default golden-ratio is off.
The mode can be toggled on and off with SPC t g.
Since helm is used everywhere, by default Spacemacs uses helm to open files.
Some users prefer the ido way to navigate the file system because it can
remember the last selected directories and buffers and RET is used to open
directories instead of TAB or C-z in helm. It is possible to use ido
instead of helm by setting the variable dotspacemacs-use-ido to t in your
dotfile.
Buffer manipulation commands (start with b):
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC TAB |
switch to alternate buffer in the current window (switch back and forth) |
SPC b b |
switch to a buffer using helm
|
SPC b d |
kill the current buffer (does not delete the visited file) |
SPC b e |
erase the content of the buffer (ask for confirmation) |
SPC b h |
open *spacemacs* home buffer |
SPC b k |
kill a buffer |
SPC b K |
kill all buffers except the current one |
SPC b C-k |
kill all buffers matching the regexp |
SPC b m h |
move a buffer to the left |
SPC b m j |
move a buffer to the bottom |
SPC b m k |
move a buffer to the top |
SPC b m l |
move a buffer to the right |
SPC b M |
swap windows using ace-swap-window |
SPC b n |
switch to next buffer avoiding special buffers |
SPC b p |
switch to previous buffer avoiding special buffers |
SPC b P |
copy clipboard and replace buffer (useful when pasting from a browser) |
SPC b R |
revert the current buffer (reload from disk) |
SPC b s |
switch to the *scratch* buffer (create it if needed) |
SPC b w |
toggle read-only (writable state) |
SPC b Y |
copy whole buffer to clipboard (useful when copying to a browser) |
z f |
Make current function or comments visible in buffer as much as possible |
A convenient buffer manipulation micro-state allows to quickly cycles through the opened buffer and kill them.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC b . |
initiate micro-state |
K |
kill current buffer |
n |
go to next buffer (avoid special buffers) |
N |
go to previous buffer (avoid special buffers) |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
Unlike vim, emacs creates many buffers that most people do not need to see. Some
examples are *Messages* and *Compile-Log*. Spacemacs tries to automatically
ignore buffers that are not useful. However, you may want to change the way
Spacemacs marks buffers as useful. For instructions, see the special buffer howto.
Files manipulation commands (start with f):
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC f c |
copy current file to a different location |
SPC f C d |
convert file from unix to dos encoding |
SPC f C u |
convert file from dos to unix encoding |
SPC f D |
delete a file and the associated buffer (ask for confirmation) |
SPC f E |
open a file with elevated privileges (sudo edit) |
SPC f f |
open file with helm (or ido) |
SPC f F |
try to open the file under point helm
|
SPC f j |
jump to the current buffer file in dired |
SPC f l |
open file literally in fundamental mode
|
SPC f L |
Locate a file (using locate) |
SPC f o |
open a file using the default external program |
SPC f R |
rename the current file |
SPC f s |
save a file |
SPC f S |
save all files |
SPC f r |
open a recent file with helm
|
SPC f t |
toggle file tree side bar using NeoTree |
SPC f v d |
add a directory variable |
SPC f v f |
add a local variable to the current file |
SPC f v p |
add a local variable to the first line of the current file |
SPC f y |
show current file absolute path in the minibuffer |
Convenient key bindings are located under the prefix SPC f e to quickly
navigate between Emacs and Spacemacs specific files.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC f e c |
open ido in the contrib folder |
SPC f e d |
open the spacemacs dotfile (~/.spacemacs) |
SPC f e D |
open ediff buffer of ~/.spacemacs and .spacemacs.template
|
SPC f e f |
discover the FAQ using helm
|
SPC f e i |
open the all mighty init.el
|
SPC f e R |
resync the dotfile with spacemacs |
SPC f e v |
display and copy the spacemacs version |
In vim and hybrid styles, Spacemacs remap the navigation in Helm find-files
to keep finger on the home row.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
C-h |
go up one level (parent directory |
C-H |
describe key (replace C-h) |
C-j |
go to previous candidate |
C-k |
go to next candidate |
C-l |
enter current directory |
Spacemacs displays the ido minibuffer vertically thanks to the
ido-vertical-mode.
Basic ido operations can be done with Ctrl key:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
C-<return> |
open a dired buffer
|
M-<return> |
open a dired buffer in terminal |
C-d |
delete selected file (ask for confirmation) |
C-h |
go to parent directory |
C-j |
select next file or directory |
C-k |
select previous file or directory |
C-l |
open the selected file |
C-n |
select next file or directory |
C-o |
open selected file in other window |
C-p |
select previous file or directory |
C-s |
open selected file in a vertically split window |
C-t |
open selected file in a new frame |
C-v |
open selected file in a horizontally split window |
C-S-h |
go to previous directory |
C-S-j or C-S-n
|
next history element |
C-S-k or C-S-p
|
previous history element |
C-S-l |
go to next directory |
Spacemacs defines a micro-state for ido.
Initiate the micro-state with M-SPC or s-M-SPC while in an ido buffer.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
M-SPC or s-M-SPC
|
initiate or leave the micro-state |
? |
display help |
e |
open dired |
h |
delete backward or parent directory |
j |
next match |
J |
sub directory |
k |
previous match |
K |
parent directory |
l |
select match |
n |
next directory in history |
o |
open in other window |
p |
previous directory in history |
q |
quit micro-state |
s |
open in a new horizontal split |
t |
open in other frame |
v |
open in a new vertical split |
Spacemacs provides a quick and simple way to navigate in an unknown project file tree with NeoTree.
To toggle the NeoTree buffer press SPC f t or SPC p t (the latter open
NeoTree with the root set to the projectile project root).
The NeoTree window always has the number 0 so it does not shift the current
number of the other windows. To select the NeoTree window you then use SPC 0.
VCS integration is supported, the file color will change depending on its
current state. With default spacemacs-dark theme:
Navigation is centered on the hjkl with the hope to provide a fast navigation
experience like in ranger:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
h |
collapse expanded directory or go to parent node |
H |
previous sibling |
j |
next file or directory |
J |
next expanded directory on level down |
k |
previous file or directory |
K |
parent directory, when reaching the root change it to parent directory |
l or RET
|
expand directory |
L |
next sibling |
R |
make a directory the root directory |
Note: The point is automatically set to the first letter of a node for a smoother experience.
By default a file is opened in the last active window. It is possible to choose
window number where to open a file by using a numeric argument, for instance 2
l or 2 RET will open the current file in window 2. It is also possible to
open the file in a split window with | and -:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
l or RET
|
open file in last active window |
# l or # RET
|
open file in window number #
|
¦ |
open file in an vertically split window |
- |
open file in an horizontally split window |
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
TAB |
toggle stretching of the buffer |
c |
create a node |
d |
delete a node |
gr |
refresh |
s |
toggle showing of hidden files |
q or fd
|
hide NeoTree buffer |
r |
rename a node |
The mode-line has the following format [x/y] d (D:a, F:b) where:
x is the index of the current selected file or directoryy the total number of items (file and directory) in the current directoryd the name of the current directorya the number of directories in the current directoryb the number of files in the current directoryIf you would like NeoTree to show source control information, you can use the
setting neo-vc-integration. It is a list containing the possible values:
| Setting | Description |
|---|---|
face |
Show information by changing the color of the file/directory name. |
char |
Show information with a character to the left of the file/directory name. |
The default is nil (do not show source control information), which is recommended.
For example,
(setq neo-vc-integration 'face)
Note: At this time, it is not recommended to set this to anything other
than nil. Otherwise, it will become very slow with larger source trees.
See https://github.com/jaypei/emacs-neotree/issues/126 for more information.
You can change the NeoTree theme by using the setting neo-theme. Possible
values are:
| Setting | Description |
|---|---|
classic |
Use an icon to display items - only suitable for gui mode. |
ascii |
The simplest style, it will use x, - to display fold status. |
arrow |
Use unicode arrows to display fold status. |
nerd |
Use the NERDTree indentation mode and arrows. |
The default is classic.
Use nerd if you want it to look most like NERDTree in VIM. For example:
(setq neo-theme 'nerd)
Bookmarks can be set anywhere in a file. Bookmarks are persistent. They are very
useful to jump to/open a known project. Spacemacs uses helm-bookmarks to
manage them.
Open an helm window with the current bookmarks by pressing: SPC h b
Then in the helm-bookmarks buffer:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
C-d |
delete the selected bookmark |
C-e |
edit the selected bookmark |
C-f |
toggle filename location |
C-o |
open the selected bookmark in another window |
To save a new bookmark, just type the name of the bookmark and press RET.
doc-view-mode is a built-in major mode to view DVI, PostScript (PS), PDF,
OpenDocument, and Microsoft Office documents.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
/ |
search forward |
? |
search backward |
+ |
enlarge |
- |
shrink |
gg |
go to first page |
G |
go to last page |
gt |
go to page number |
h |
previous page |
H |
adjust to height |
j |
next line |
k |
previous line |
K |
kill proc and buffer |
l |
next page |
n |
go to next search occurrence |
N |
go to previous search occurrence |
P |
fit page to window |
r |
revert |
W |
adjust to width |
C-d |
scroll down |
C-k |
kill proc |
C-u |
scroll up |
C-c C-c |
toggle display text and image display |
C-c C-t |
open new buffer with doc’s text contents |
By default auto-saving of files is performed every 300 characters and
every 30 seconds of idle time which can be changed by setting to a
new value the variables auto-save-inteval and auto-save-timeout
respectively.
Auto-save of modified files can be performed in-place on the original file itself or in the cache directory (in this case the original file will remain unsaved). By default Spacemacs auto-save the file in the cache directory.
To modify the location set the variable dotspacemacs-auto-save-file-location
to original or cache.
Local files are auto-saved in a sub-directory called site in the cache
directory whereas remote files (i.e. files edited over TRAMP) are auto-saved
in a sub-directory called dist.
To disable auto-saving set the variable dotspacemacs-auto-save-file-location
to nil.
You can toggle auto-save in a buffer by calling the command auto-save-mode.
Spacemacs can be interfaced with different search utilities like:
The search commands in Spacemacs are organized under the SPC s prefix with the
next key is the tool to use and the last key is the scope. For instance SPC s a
b will search in all opened buffers using ag.
If the last key (determining the scope) is uppercase then the current region or
symbol under point is used as default input for the search. For instance SPC s
a B will search with symbol under point (if there is no active region).
If the tool key is omitted then a default tool will be automatically selected
for the search. This tool corresponds to the first tool found on the system of
the list dotspacemacs-search-tools, the default order is ag, pt, ack
then grep. For instance SPC s b will search in the opened buffers using pt
if ag has not been found on the system.
The tool keys are:
| Tool | Key |
|---|---|
| ag | a |
| grep | g |
| ack | k |
| pt | t |
The available scopes and corresponding keys are:
| Scope | Key |
|---|---|
| opened buffers | b |
| files in a given directory | f |
| current project | p |
It is possible to search in the current file by double tapping the second key
of the sequence, for instance SPC s a a will search in the current
file with ag.
Notes:
ag and pt are optimized to be used in a source control repository but
they can be used in an arbitrary directory as well.Beware if you use pt, TCL parser tools also install a command line tool
called pt.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC h l |
resume the last helm buffer |
F3 |
in a helm buffer, convert a helm search buffer into a regular buffer |
SPC s ` |
go back to the previous place reached with helm-ag
|
SPC s l |
focus the last converted search buffer |
| Prefix argument | will ask for file extensions |
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC s s |
search with the first found tool |
SPC s S |
search with the first found tool with default input |
SPC s a a |
ag |
SPC s a A |
ag with default input |
SPC s g g |
grep |
SPC s g G |
grep with default input |
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC s b |
search with the first found tool |
SPC s B |
search with the first found tool with default input |
SPC s a b |
ag |
SPC s a B |
ag with default text |
SPC s g b |
grep |
SPC s g B |
grep with default text |
SPC s k b |
ack |
SPC s k B |
ack with default text |
SPC s t b |
pt |
SPC s t B |
pt with default text |
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC s f |
search with the first found tool |
SPC s F |
search with the first found tool with default input |
SPC s a f |
ag |
SPC s a F |
ag with default text |
SPC s g f |
grep |
SPC s g F |
grep with default text |
SPC s k f |
ack |
SPC s k F |
ack with default text |
SPC s t f |
pt |
SPC s t F |
pt with default text |
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC / or SPC s p
|
search with the first found tool |
SPC * or SPC s P
|
search with the first found tool with default input |
SPC s a p |
ag |
SPC s a P |
ag with default text |
SPC s g p |
grep with default text |
SPC s k p |
ack |
SPC s k P |
ack with default text |
SPC s t p |
pt |
SPC s t P |
pt with default text |
Hint: It is also possible to search in a project without needing to open a
file beforehand. To do so use SPC p p and then C-s on a given project to
directly search into it like with SPC s p.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC s w g |
Get Google suggestions in emacs. Opens Google results in Browser. |
SPC s w w |
Get Wikipedia suggestions in emacs. Opens Wikipedia page in Browser. |
Spacemacs uses evil-search-highlight-persist to keep the searched expression
highlighted until the next search. It is also possible to clear the highlighting
by pressing SPC s c or executing the ex command :noh.
Spacemacs supports highlighting of the current symbol on demand (provided by auto-highlight-symbol mode) and adds a micro-state to easily navigate and rename this symbol.
It is also possible to change the range of the navigation on the fly to:
To initiate the highlighting of the current symbol under point press SPC s h.
Navigation between the highlighted symbols can be done with the commands:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
/ |
initiate navigation micro-state on current symbol and jump forwards |
# |
initiate navigation micro-state on current symbol and jump backwards |
SPC s e |
edit all occurrences of the current symbol(/) |
SPC s h |
highlight the current symbol and all its occurrence within the current range |
SPC s H |
go to the last searched occurrence of the last highlighted symbol |
SPC t h a |
toggle automatic highlight of symbol under point after ahs-idle-interval seconds |
In ‘Spacemacs’ highlight symbol micro-state:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
e |
edit occurrences (*) |
n |
go to next occurrence |
N |
go to previous occurrence |
d |
go to next definition occurrence |
D |
go to previous definition occurrence |
r |
change range (function, display area, whole buffer) |
R |
go to home occurrence (reset position to starting occurrence) |
| Any other key | leave the navigation micro-state |
(*) using iedit or the default implementation
of auto-highlight-symbol
The micro-state text in minibuffer display the following information:
<M> [6/11]* press (n/N) to navigate, (e) to edit, (r) to change range or (R) for reset
Where <M> [x/y]* is:
<B>: whole buffer range<D>: current display range<F>: current function rangex: the index of the current highlighted occurrencey: the total number of occurrences*: appears if there is at least one occurrence which is not currently visible.With evil-visualstar you can search for the next occurrence of the current selection.
It is pretty useful combined with the expand-region bindings.
Note: If the current state is not the visual state then pressing * uses
auto-highlight-symbol and its micro-state.
Use helm-semantic-or-imenu command from Helm to quickly navigate between the
symbols in a buffer.
To list all the symbols of a buffer press: SPC s j
This is very similar to moccur, it displays a helm buffer with all the
occurrences of the word under point. You can then change the search query in
real-time and navigate between them easily.
You can even edit the occurrences directly in the helm buffer and apply the
modifications to the buffer.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC s s |
execute helm-swoop
|
SPC s S |
execute helm-multi-swoop
|
SPC s C-s |
execute helm-multi-swoop-all
|
The paste micro-state can be enabled by settings the variable
dotspacemacs-enable-paste-micro-state to t. By default it is disabled.
When the micro-state is enabled, pressing p again will replace the pasted text
with the previous yanked (copied) text on the kill ring.
For example if you copy foo and bar then press p the text bar will
be pasted, pressing p again will replace bar with foo.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
p or P
|
paste the text before or after point and initiate the paste micro-state |
p |
in micro-state: replace paste text with the previously copied one |
P |
in micro-state: replace paste text with the next copied one |
. |
paste the same text and leave the micro-state |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
By default any pasted text will be auto-indented. To paste text un-indented use the universal argument.
It is possible to disable the auto-indentation for specific major-modes by
adding a major-mode to the variable spacemacs-indent-sensitive-modes in your
dotspacemacs/user-config function.
Text related commands (start with x):
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC x o |
use avy to select a link in the buffer and open it |
SPC x u |
set the selected text to lower case |
SPC x U |
set the selected text to upper case |
SPC x a a |
align region (or guessed section) using default rules |
SPC x a r |
align region using user-specified regexp |
SPC x a m |
align region at arithmetic operators (+-*/) |
SPC x a . |
align region at . (for numeric tables) |
| ~SPC x a ,~ | align region at , |
SPC x a ; |
align region at ; |
SPC x a = |
align region at = |
SPC x a & |
align region at & |
SPC x a ¦ |
align region at ¦ |
SPC x c |
count the number of chars/words/lines in the selection region |
SPC x d w |
delete trailing whitespaces |
SPC x g l |
set languages used by translate commands |
SPC x g t |
translate current word using Google Translate |
SPC x g T |
reverse source and target languages |
SPC x J |
move down a line of text (enter micro-state) |
SPC x K |
move up a line of text (enter micro-state) |
SPC x l s |
sort lines |
SPC x l u |
uniquify lines |
SPC x t c |
swap (transpose) the current character with the previous one |
SPC x t w |
swap (transpose) the current word with the previous one |
SPC x t l |
swap (transpose) the current line with the previous one |
SPC x w c |
count the number of occurrences per word in the select region |
SPC x w d |
show dictionary entry of word from wordnik.com |
Text insertion commands (start with i):
| Key binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC i u |
Search for Unicode characters and insert them into the active buffer. |
SPC i l l |
insert lorem-ipsum list |
SPC i l p |
insert lorem-ipsum paragraph |
SPC i l s |
insert lorem-ipsum sentence |
Smartparens comes with a strict mode which prevents deletion of parenthesis if the result is unbalanced.
This mode can be frustrating for novices, this is why it is not enabled by default.
It is possible to enable it easily for all programming modes with the variable
dotspacemacs-smartparens-strict-mode of you ~/.spacemacs.
(setq-default dotspacemacs-smartparens-strict-mode t)
The font size of the current buffer can be adjusted with the commands:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC z x + |
scale up the font and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
SPC z x = |
scale up the font and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
SPC z x - |
scale down the font and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
SPC z x 0 |
reset the font size (no scaling) and initiate the font scaling micro-state |
+ |
increase the font size |
= |
increase the font size |
- |
decrease the font size |
0 |
reset the font size |
| Any other key | leave the font scaling micro-state |
Note that only the text of the current buffer is scaled, the other buffers,
the mode-line and the minibuffer are not affected. To zoom the whole content of
a frame use the zoom frame bindings (see next section).
You can zoom in and out the whole content of the frame with the commands:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC z f + |
zoom in the frame content and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
SPC z f = |
zoom in the frame content and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
SPC z f - |
zoom out the frame content and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
SPC z f 0 |
reset the frame content size and initiate the frame scaling micro-state |
+ |
zoom in |
= |
zoom in |
- |
zoom out |
0 |
reset zoom |
| Any other key | leave the zoom frame micro-state |
Spacemacs uses evil-numbers to easily increase or increase numbers.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC n + |
increase the number under point by one and initiate micro-state |
SPC n - |
decrease the number under point by one and initiate micro-state |
In micro-state:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
+ |
increase the number under point by one |
- |
decrease the number under point by one |
| Any other key | leave the micro-state |
Tips: you can increase or decrease a value by more that once by using a prefix
argument (ie. 10 SPC n + will add 10 to the number under point).
Spell checking is enabled by including the spell checking layer in your dotfile.
Keybindings are listed in the layer documentation.
Vi Visual modes are all supported by evil.
Spacemacs adds another Visual mode via the expand-region mode.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC v |
initiate expand-region mode then… |
v |
expand the region by one semantic unit |
V |
contract the region by one semantic unit |
r |
reset the region to initial selection |
ESC |
leave expand-region mode |
With evil-indent-textobject the following action can be performed in normal
state:
ii - Inner Indentation: the surrounding textblock with the same indentationai - Above and Indentation: ii + the line above with a different indentationaI - Above and Indentation+: ai + the line below with a different indentationExample (| is the point):
(while (not done)
(messa|ge "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy."))
(1+ 41)
vii will select the line with messagevai will select the whole while loopvaI will select the whole fragmentThe displayed text of a buffer can be narrowed with the commands (start with
n):
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC n f |
narrow the buffer to the current function |
SPC n p |
narrow the buffer to the visible page |
SPC n r |
narrow the buffer to the selected text |
SPC n w |
widen, i.e show the whole buffer again |
Spacemacs performs go to the line below point and indent it with SPC j k.
You may repeat this operation with evil-repeat if you need to indent many
lines.
Line formatting commands start with j:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
J |
join the current line with the next line |
SPC j j |
same as SPC j k but will split the current line at point |
SPC J |
split a quoted string or s-expression in place |
SPC j J |
split a quoted string or s-expression and auto-indent |
SPC j k |
go to next line and indent it using auto-indent rules |
Used together these key bindings are very powerful to quickly reformat code.
Spacemacs uses the powerful iedit mode through evil-iedit-state to quickly edit multiple occurrences of a symbol or selection.
evil-iedit-state defines two new evil states:
iedit stateiedit-insert stateThe color code for these states is red.
evil-iedit-state has also a nice integration with expand-region for quick
editing of the currently selected text by pressing e.
| Key Binding | From | To |
|---|---|---|
SPC s e |
normal or visual | iedit |
e |
expand-region | iedit |
ESC |
iedit | normal |
C-g |
iedit | normal |
fd |
iedit | normal |
ESC |
iedit-insert | iedit |
C-g |
iedit-insert | normal |
fd |
iedit-insert | normal |
To sum-up, in iedit-insert state you have to press ESC twice to go back to the
normal state. You can also at any time press C-g or fd to return to normal
state.
Note: evil commands which switch to insert state will switch in
iedit-insert state.
iedit state inherits from normal state, the following key bindings are
specific to iedit state.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
ESC |
go back to normal state
|
TAB |
toggle current occurrence |
0 |
go to the beginning of the current occurrence |
$ |
go to the end of the current occurrence |
# |
prefix all occurrences with an increasing number (SPC u to choose the starting number). |
A |
go to the end of the current occurrence and switch to iedit-insert state
|
D |
delete the occurrences |
F |
restrict the scope to the function |
gg |
go to first occurrence |
G |
go to last occurrence |
I |
go to the beginning of the current occurrence and switch to iedit-insert state
|
J |
increase the editing scope by one line below |
K |
increase the editing scope by one line above |
L |
restrict the scope to the current line |
n |
go to next occurrence |
N |
go to previous occurrence |
p |
replace occurrences with last yanked (copied) text |
S |
(substitute) delete the occurrences and switch to iedit-insert state
|
V |
toggle visibility of lines with no occurrence |
U |
Up-case the occurrences |
C-U |
down-case the occurrences |
Note: 0, $, A and I have the default Vim behavior when used outside of
an occurrence.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
ESC |
go back to iedit state
|
C-g |
go back to normal state
|
v w w SPC s e S "toto" ESC ESC
v i w SPC s e J i "toto" ESC ESC
SPC v v e S "toto" ESC ESC
SPC v
e p ESC ESC
Replacing an occurrence of text in several files can be performed via helm-ag.
Say you want to replace all foo occurrences by bar in your current
project:
SPC /
C-c C-e
iedit state with SPC s e
iedit state
C-c C-c
Note: In Spacemacs, helm-ag despite its name works with ack and pt as
well.
Comments are handled by evil-nerd-commenter, it’s bound to the following keys.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC ; |
comment operator |
SPC c l |
comment lines |
SPC c L |
invert comment lines |
SPC c p |
comment paragraphs |
SPC c P |
invert comment paragraphs |
SPC c t |
comment to line |
SPC c T |
invert comment to line |
SPC c y |
comment and yank |
SPC c Y |
invert comment and yank |
Tips: To comment efficiently a block of line use the combo SPC ; SPC y
Deletion is configured to send deleted files to system trash.
On OS X the trash program is required. It can be installed with homebrew with
the following command:
$ brew install trash
To disable the trash you can set the variable delete-by-moving-to-trash to
nil in your ~/.spacemacs.
Editing of lisp code is provided by evil-lisp-state.
Commands will set the current state to lisp state where different commands
combo can be repeated without pressing on SPC k.
When in lisp state the color of the mode-line changes to pink.
Examples:
SPC k 3 s
SPC k w 2 s
Note: The lisp state commands are available in any modes! Try it out.
These commands automatically switch to lisp state.
| Key Binding | Function |
|---|---|
SPC k % |
evil jump item |
SPC k : |
ex command |
SPC k ( |
insert expression before (same level as current one) |
SPC k ) |
insert expression after (same level as current one) |
SPC k $ |
go to the end of current sexp |
SPC k ` k |
hybrid version of push sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
SPC k ` p |
hybrid version of push sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
SPC k ` s |
hybrid version of slurp sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
SPC k ` t |
hybrid version of transpose sexp (can be used in non lisp dialects) |
SPC k 0 |
go to the beginning of current sexp |
SPC k a |
absorb expression |
SPC k b |
forward barf expression |
SPC k B |
backward barf expression |
SPC k c |
convolute expression |
SPC k ds |
delete symbol |
SPC k Ds |
backward delete symbol |
SPC k dw |
delete word |
SPC k Dw |
backward delete word |
SPC k dx |
delete expression |
SPC k Dx |
backward delete expression |
SPC k e |
unwrap current expression and kill all symbols after point |
SPC k E |
unwrap current expression and kill all symbols before point |
SPC k h |
previous symbol |
SPC k H |
go to previous sexp |
SPC k i |
switch to insert state
|
SPC k I |
go to beginning of current expression and switch to insert state
|
SPC k j |
next closing parenthesis |
SPC k J |
join expression |
SPC k k |
previous opening parenthesis |
SPC k l |
next symbol |
SPC k L |
go to next sexp |
SPC k p |
paste after |
SPC k P |
paste before |
SPC k r |
raise expression (replace parent expression by current one) |
SPC k s |
forward slurp expression |
SPC k S |
backward slurp expression |
SPC k t |
transpose expression |
SPC k u |
undo |
SPC k U |
got to parent sexp backward |
SPC k C-r |
redo |
SPC k v |
switch to visual state
|
SPC k V |
switch to visual line state
|
SPC k C-v |
switch to visual block state
|
SPC k w |
wrap expression with parenthesis |
SPC k W |
unwrap expression |
SPC k y |
copy expression |
| Key Binding | Function |
|---|---|
SPC m e $ |
go to end of line and evaluate last sexp |
SPC m e b |
evaluate buffer |
SPC m e c |
evaluate current form (a def or a set) |
SPC m e e |
evaluate last sexp |
SPC m e f |
evaluate current defun |
SPC m e l |
go to end of line and evaluate last sexp |
SPC m e r |
evaluate region |
| Key Binding | Function |
|---|---|
SPC m g g |
go to definition |
SPC m h h |
describe elisp thing at point (show documentation) |
SPC m t b |
execute buffer tests |
SPC m t q |
ask for test function to execute |
Projects in Spacemacs are managed with projectile. In projectile projects
are defined implicitly, for instance the root of a project is found when a
.git repository or .projectile file is encountered in the file tree.
Helm is used whenever it is possible.
To search in a project see project searching.
projectile commands start with p:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC p ! |
run shell command in root |
SPC p & |
run async shell command in root |
SPC p a |
toggle between implementation and test |
SPC p b |
switch to project buffer |
SPC p c |
compile project using projectile
|
SPC p d |
find directory |
SPC p D |
open project root in dired
|
SPC p f |
find file |
SPC p G |
regenerate the project’s etags / gtags
|
SPC p h |
find file using helm
|
SPC p I |
invalidate the projectile cache |
SPC p k |
kill all project buffers |
SPC p o |
run multi-occur
|
SPC p p |
switch project |
SPC p r |
open a recent file |
SPC p R |
replace a string |
SPC p s |
see search in project |
SPC p t |
open NeoTree in projectile root |
SPC p T |
find test files |
SPC p v |
open project root in vc-dir or magit
|
SPC p y |
find tags |
SPC / |
search in project with the best search tool available |
SPC s a p |
run ag
|
SPC s g p |
run grep
|
SPC s k p |
run ack
|
SPC s t p |
run pt
|
Note for Windows Users: To enable fast indexing the GNU find or
Cygwin find must be in your PATH.
Access commands to the various registers start with r:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC r e |
show evil yank and named registers |
SPC r m |
show marks register |
SPC r r |
show helm register |
SPC r y |
show kill ring |
Spacemacs uses Flycheck to gives error feedback on the fly. The checks are only performed at save time by default.
Errors management commands (start with e):
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC t s |
toggle flycheck |
SPC e c |
clear all errors |
SPC e h |
describe a flycheck checker |
SPC e l |
toggle the display of the flycheck list of errors/warnings |
SPC e n |
go to the next error |
SPC e p |
go to the previous error |
SPC e v |
verify flycheck setup (useful to debug 3rd party tools configuration) |
Custom fringe bitmaps:
| Symbol | Description |
|---|---|
 |
Error |
 |
warning |
 |
Info |
Spacemacs binds a few commands to support compiling a project.
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC c c |
use helm-make via projectile |
SPC c C |
compile |
SPC c k |
kill compilation |
SPC c m |
helm-make |
SPC c r |
recompile |
SPC c q |
close compilation window |
Key bindings specific to the current major mode start with SPC m. For
convenience a shortcut key called the major mode leader key is set by default on
~,~ which saves one precious keystroke.
It is possible to change the major mode leader key by defining the variable
dotspacemacs-major-mode-leader-key in your ~/.spacemacs. For example to
setup the key on tabulation:
(setq-default dotspacemacs-major-mode-leader-key "<tab>")
Spacemacs add hjkl navigation to helm buffers:
| Key Binding | Description |
|---|---|
C-h |
go to next source |
C-H |
describe key (replace C-h) |
C-j |
go to previous candidate |
C-k |
go to next candidate |
C-l |
same as return
|
Spacemacs starts a server at launch. This server is killed whenever you close your Emacs windows.
You can open a file in Emacs from the terminal using emacsclient. Use
emacsclient -c to open the file in Emacs GUI. Use emacsclient -t to open the
file in Emacs within the terminal.
If you want your Linux/OS X system to use Emacs by default for any prompt, you
need to set it in your shell configuration, e.g. ~/.bashrc or ~/.zshrc:
export EDITOR="emacsclient -c"
Note that if you’re on OS X, you may have to refer to the emacsclient that comes with your GUI Emacs, e.g.:
export EDITOR="/Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/bin/emacsclient -c"
Tip: Remember to use :wq or C-x # after you are done editing the file in
Emacs.
See Emacs as a Server in the official Emacs manual for more details.
It is possible to keep the server alive when you close Emacs by setting the
variable dotspacemacs-persistent-server to t in your ~./spacemacs.
(setq-default dotspacemacs-persistent-server t)
When this variable is set to t, the only way to quit Emacs and kill the
server is to use the following bindings:
| Keybinding | Description |
|---|---|
SPC q q |
Quit Emacs and kill the server, prompt for changed buffers to save |
SPC q Q |
Quit Emacs and kill the server, lose all unsaved changes. |
SPC q r |
Restart both Emacs and the server, prompting to save any changed buffers |
SPC q s |
Save the buffers, quit Emacs and kill the server |
SPC q z |
Kill the current frame |
If any errors happen during the loading the mode-line will turn red and the
errors should appear inline in the startup buffer. Spacemacs should still be
usable, if it is not the case then restart Emacs with emacs --debug-init and
open a Github issue with the backtrace.
To ensure that packages are correctly compiled for the new Emacs version you
installed, be sure to run the interactive command spacemacs/recompile-elpa
with SPC : spacemacs/recompile-elpa.
| Achievements | Account |
|---|---|
| 100th watcher | adouzzy |
| 100th fork | balajisivaraman |
| 200th fork | alcol80 |
| 300th fork | mlopes |
| 100th star | Jackneill |
| 200th star | jb55 |
| 400th star | dbohdan |
| 600th star | laat |
| 700th star | kendall |
| 800th star | urso |
| 900th star | luisgerhorst |
| 1000th star! | rashly |
| 2000th star!! | stshine |
| 3000th star!!! | TheBB |
| 4000th star!!!! | nixmaniack |
| 5000th star!!!!! | StreakyCobra |
| 6000th star!!!!!! | NJBS |
| Achievements | Account |
|---|---|
| First joiner on the Gitter Chat | trishume |
| 1000th joiner | gabrielpoca |
| Achievements | Account |
|---|---|
| First contribution | trishume |
| First contribution layer | trishume |
| First blog article on Spacemacs | Wolfy87 |
| First contributed banner | chrisbarrett |
| Achievements | Account |
|---|---|
| The Gunner (18 PRs in a row) | ralesi |
| The Saint (unlocked the holy-mode) | trishume |
| The Artist (logo and theme) | nashamri |
| The Meme Master (doge banner) | chrisbarrett |
| The Helm captain (helm guide) | tuhdo |
| The Master of the Keys (which-key and bind-map) | justbur |
| The PR Patrol Officer | robbyoconnor |
| The Expert in Latin Language (PR) | vijaykiran |
| The Tiler (eyebrowse integration) | bmag |
| The Geometer (spaceline) | TheBB |
Jokes aside, thank you Richard for this great piece of software.
Thank you to all the contributors and the whole Emacs community from core developers to elisp hackers!
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