The {ref}/query-dsl-function-score-query.html[function_score query] is the ultimate tool for taking control of the scoring process. It allows you to apply a function to each document that matches the main query in order to alter or completely replace the original query _score.

In fact, you can apply different functions to subsets of the main result set by using filters, which gives you the best of both worlds: efficient scoring with cacheable filters.

It supports several predefined functions out of the box:

weight

Apply a simple boost to each document without the boost being normalized: a weight of 2 results in 2 * _score.

field_value_factor

Use the value of a field in the document to alter the _score, such as factoring in a popularity count or number of votes.

random_score

Use consistently random scoring to sort results differently for every user, while maintaining the same sort order for a single user.

Decay functions—`linear`, exp, gauss

Incorporate sliding-scale values like publish_date, geo_location, or price into the _score to prefer recently published documents, documents near a latitude/longitude (lat/lon) point, or documents near a specified price point.

script_score

Use a custom script to take complete control of the scoring logic. If your needs extend beyond those of the functions in this list, write a custom script to implement the logic that you need.

Without the function_score query, we would not be able to combine the score from a full-text query with a factor like recency. We would have to sort either by _score or by date; the effect of one would obliterate the effect of the other. This query allows you to blend the two together: to still sort by full-text relevance, but giving extra weight to recently published documents, or popular documents, or products that are near the user’s price point. As you can imagine, a query that supports all of this can look fairly complex. We’ll start with a simple use case and work our way up the complexity ladder.