/***
 * The Directed Weighted Dense Graph Data Structure.
 * 
 * Definition:
 * A dense graph is a graph G = (V, E) in which |E| = O(|V|^2).
 * A directed graph is a graph where each edge follow one direction only between any two vertices.
 * A weighted graph is a graph where each edge has a weight (zero weights mean there is no edge).
 * 
 * An adjacency-matrix (two dimensional array of longs) weighted digraph representation. 
 * Inherits and extends the Directed Dense verion (DirectedDenseGraph<T> class).
 * Implements the IWeightedGraph<T> interface.
 */

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

using DataStructures.Common;
using DataStructures.Lists;

namespace DataStructures.Graphs
{

    /// <summary>
    /// This class represents the graph as an adjacency-matrix (two dimensional integer array).
    /// </summary>
    public class DirectedWeightedDenseGraph<T> : DirectedDenseGraph<T>, IWeightedGraph<T> where T : IComparable<T>
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// INSTANCE VARIABLES
        /// </summary>
        private const long EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT = 0;
        private const object EMPTY_VERTEX_SLOT = (object)null;

        // Store edges and their weights as integers.
        // Any edge with a value of zero means it doesn't exist. Otherwise, it exist with a specific weight value.
        // Default value for positive edges is 1.
        protected new long[,] _adjacencyMatrix { get; set; }


        /// <summary>
        /// CONSTRUCTOR
        /// </summary>
        public DirectedWeightedDenseGraph(uint capacity = 10)
        {
            _edgesCount = 0;
            _verticesCount = 0;
            _verticesCapacity = (int)capacity;

            _vertices = new ArrayList<object>(_verticesCapacity);
            _adjacencyMatrix = new long[_verticesCapacity, _verticesCapacity];
            _adjacencyMatrix.Populate(rows: _verticesCapacity, columns: _verticesCapacity, defaultValue: EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT);
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Helper function. Checks if edge exist in graph.
        /// </summary>
        protected override bool _doesEdgeExist(int source, int destination)
        {
            return (_adjacencyMatrix[source, destination] != EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Helper function. Gets the weight of a directed edge.
        /// </summary>
        private long _getEdgeWeight(int source, int destination)
        {
            return _adjacencyMatrix[source, destination];
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true, if graph is weighted; false otherwise.
        /// </summary>
        public override bool IsWeighted
        {
            get { return true; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// An enumerable collection of all weighted directed edges in graph.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual IEnumerable<WeightedEdge<T>> Edges
        {
            get
            {
                foreach (var vertex in _vertices)
                    foreach (var outgoingEdge in OutgoingEdges((T)vertex))
                        yield return outgoingEdge;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get all incoming unweighted edges to a vertex.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual IEnumerable<WeightedEdge<T>> IncomingEdges(T vertex)
        {
            if (!HasVertex(vertex))
                throw new KeyNotFoundException("Vertex doesn't belong to graph.");
            
            int source = _vertices.IndexOf(vertex);

            for (int adjacent = 0; adjacent < _vertices.Count; ++adjacent)
            {
                if (_vertices[adjacent] != null && _doesEdgeExist(adjacent, source))
                {
                    yield return (new WeightedEdge<T>(
                        (T)_vertices[adjacent],             // from
                        vertex,                             // to
                        _getEdgeWeight(source, adjacent)    // weight
                    ));
                }
            }//end-for
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get all outgoing unweighted edges from a vertex.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual IEnumerable<WeightedEdge<T>> OutgoingEdges(T vertex)
        {
            if (!HasVertex(vertex))
                throw new KeyNotFoundException("Vertex doesn't belong to graph.");

            int source = _vertices.IndexOf(vertex);

            for (int adjacent = 0; adjacent < _vertices.Count; ++adjacent)
            {
                if (_vertices[adjacent] != null && _doesEdgeExist(source, adjacent))
                {
                    yield return (new WeightedEdge<T>(
                        vertex,                             // from
                        (T)_vertices[adjacent],             // to
                        _getEdgeWeight(source, adjacent)    // weight
                    ));
                }
            }//end-for
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Obsolete. Another AddEdge function is implemented with a weight parameter.
        /// </summary>
        [Obsolete("Use the AddEdge method with the weight parameter.")]
        public new bool AddEdge(T source, T destination)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Connects two vertices together with a weight, in the direction: first->second.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool AddEdge(T source, T destination, long weight)
        {
            // Return if the weight is equals to the empty edge value
            if (weight == EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT)
                return false;

            // Get indices of vertices
            int srcIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(source);
            int dstIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(destination);

            // Check existence of vertices and non-existence of edge
            if (srcIndex == -1 || dstIndex == -1)
                return false;
            if (_doesEdgeExist(srcIndex, dstIndex))
                return false;

            _adjacencyMatrix[srcIndex, dstIndex] = weight;

            // Increment edges count
            ++_edgesCount;

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes edge, if exists, from source to destination.
        /// </summary>
        public override bool RemoveEdge(T source, T destination)
        {
            // Get indices of vertices
            int srcIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(source);
            int dstIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(destination);

            // Check existence of vertices and non-existence of edge
            if (srcIndex == -1 || dstIndex == -1)
                return false;
            if (!_doesEdgeExist(srcIndex, dstIndex))
                return false;

            _adjacencyMatrix[srcIndex, dstIndex] = EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT;

            // Increment edges count
            --_edgesCount;

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Updates the edge weight from source to destination.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual bool UpdateEdgeWeight(T source, T destination, long weight)
        {
            // Return if the weight is equals to the empty edge value
            if (weight == EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT)
                return false;

            // Get indices of vertices
            int srcIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(source);
            int dstIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(destination);

            // Check existence of vertices and non-existence of edge
            if (srcIndex == -1 || dstIndex == -1)
                return false;
            if (!_doesEdgeExist(srcIndex, dstIndex))
                return false;

            _adjacencyMatrix[srcIndex, dstIndex] = weight;

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Removes the specified vertex from graph.
        /// </summary>
        public override bool RemoveVertex(T vertex)
        {
            // Return if graph is empty
            if (_verticesCount == 0)
                return false;

            // Get index of vertex
            int index = _vertices.IndexOf(vertex);

            // Return if vertex doesn't exists
            if (index == -1)
                return false;

            // Lazy-delete the vertex from graph
            //_vertices.Remove (vertex);
            _vertices[index] = EMPTY_VERTEX_SLOT;

            // Decrement the vertices count
            --_verticesCount;

            // Remove all outgoing and incoming edges to this vertex
            for (int i = 0; i < _verticesCapacity; ++i)
            {
                // Outgoing edge
                if (_doesEdgeExist(index, i))
                {
                    _adjacencyMatrix[index, i] = EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT;

                    // Decrement the edges count
                    --_edgesCount;
                }

                // Incoming edge
                if (_doesEdgeExist(i, index))
                {
                    _adjacencyMatrix[i, index] = EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT;

                    // Decrement the edges count
                    --_edgesCount;
                }
            }

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get edge object from source to destination.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual WeightedEdge<T> GetEdge(T source, T destination)
        {
            // Get indices of vertices
            int srcIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(source);
            int dstIndex = _vertices.IndexOf(destination);

            // Check the existence of vertices and the directed edge
            if (srcIndex == -1 || dstIndex == -1)
                throw new Exception("One of the vertices or both of them doesn't exist.");
            if (!_doesEdgeExist(srcIndex, dstIndex))
                throw new Exception("Edge doesn't exist.");

            return (new WeightedEdge<T>(source, destination, _getEdgeWeight(srcIndex, dstIndex)));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the edge weight from source to destination.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual long GetEdgeWeight(T source, T destination)
        {
            return GetEdge(source, destination).Weight;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the neighbours of a vertex as a dictionary of nodes-to-weights.
        /// </summary>
        public virtual Dictionary<T, long> NeighboursMap(T vertex)
        {
            if (!HasVertex(vertex))
                return null;

            var neighbors = new Dictionary<T, long>();
            int source = _vertices.IndexOf(vertex);

            // Check existence of vertex
            if (source != -1)
                for (int adjacent = 0; adjacent < _vertices.Count; ++adjacent)
                    if (_vertices[adjacent] != null && _doesEdgeExist(source, adjacent))
                        neighbors.Add((T)_vertices[adjacent], _getEdgeWeight(source, adjacent));

            return neighbors;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a human-readable string of the graph.
        /// </summary>
        public override string ToReadable()
        {
            string output = string.Empty;

            for (int i = 0; i < _vertices.Count; ++i)
            {
                if (_vertices[i] == null)
                    continue;

                var node = (T)_vertices[i];
                var adjacents = string.Empty;

                output = String.Format("{0}\r\n{1}: [", output, node);

                foreach (var adjacentNode in NeighboursMap(node))
                    adjacents = String.Format("{0}{1}({2}), ", adjacents, adjacentNode.Key, adjacentNode.Value);

                if (adjacents.Length > 0)
                    adjacents = adjacents.TrimEnd(new char[] { ',', ' ' });

                output = String.Format("{0}{1}]", output, adjacents);
            }

            return output;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Clear this graph.
        /// </summary>
        public override void Clear()
        {
            _edgesCount = 0;
            _verticesCount = 0;
            _vertices = new ArrayList<object>(_verticesCapacity);
            _adjacencyMatrix = new long[_verticesCapacity, _verticesCapacity];
            _adjacencyMatrix.Populate(rows: _verticesCapacity, columns: _verticesCapacity, defaultValue: EMPTY_EDGE_SLOT);
        }

    }

}