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// Copyright 2015 The etcd Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package wal
import (
"bytes"
"errors"
"fmt"
"hash/crc32"
"io"
"os"
"path"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/coreos/etcd/pkg/fileutil"
"github.com/coreos/etcd/pkg/pbutil"
"github.com/coreos/etcd/raft"
"github.com/coreos/etcd/raft/raftpb"
"github.com/coreos/etcd/wal/walpb"
"github.com/coreos/pkg/capnslog"
)
const (
metadataType int64 = iota + 1
entryType
stateType
crcType
snapshotType
// warnSyncDuration is the amount of time allotted to an fsync before
// logging a warning
warnSyncDuration = time.Second
)
var (
// SegmentSizeBytes is the preallocated size of each wal segment file.
// The actual size might be larger than this. In general, the default
// value should be used, but this is defined as an exported variable
// so that tests can set a different segment size.
SegmentSizeBytes int64 = 64 * 1000 * 1000 // 64MB
plog = capnslog.NewPackageLogger("github.com/coreos/etcd", "wal")
ErrMetadataConflict = errors.New("wal: conflicting metadata found")
ErrFileNotFound = errors.New("wal: file not found")
ErrCRCMismatch = errors.New("wal: crc mismatch")
ErrSnapshotMismatch = errors.New("wal: snapshot mismatch")
ErrSnapshotNotFound = errors.New("wal: snapshot not found")
crcTable = crc32.MakeTable(crc32.Castagnoli)
)
// WAL is a logical representation of the stable storage.
// WAL is either in read mode or append mode but not both.
// A newly created WAL is in append mode, and ready for appending records.
// A just opened WAL is in read mode, and ready for reading records.
// The WAL will be ready for appending after reading out all the previous records.
type WAL struct {
dir string // the living directory of the underlay files
// dirFile is a fd for the wal directory for syncing on Rename
dirFile *os.File
metadata []byte // metadata recorded at the head of each WAL
state raftpb.HardState // hardstate recorded at the head of WAL
start walpb.Snapshot // snapshot to start reading
decoder *decoder // decoder to decode records
readClose func() error // closer for decode reader
mu sync.Mutex
enti uint64 // index of the last entry saved to the wal
encoder *encoder // encoder to encode records
locks []*fileutil.LockedFile // the locked files the WAL holds (the name is increasing)
fp *filePipeline
}
// Create creates a WAL ready for appending records. The given metadata is
// recorded at the head of each WAL file, and can be retrieved with ReadAll.
func Create(dirpath string, metadata []byte) (*WAL, error) {
if Exist(dirpath) {
return nil, os.ErrExist
}
// keep temporary wal directory so WAL initialization appears atomic
tmpdirpath := path.Clean(dirpath) + ".tmp"
if fileutil.Exist(tmpdirpath) {
if err := os.RemoveAll(tmpdirpath); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
if err := fileutil.CreateDirAll(tmpdirpath); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
p := path.Join(tmpdirpath, walName(0, 0))
f, err := fileutil.LockFile(p, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE, fileutil.PrivateFileMode)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if _, err = f.Seek(0, os.SEEK_END); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err = fileutil.Preallocate(f.File, SegmentSizeBytes, true); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
w := &WAL{
dir: dirpath,
metadata: metadata,
}
w.encoder, err = newFileEncoder(f.File, 0)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
w.locks = append(w.locks, f)
if err = w.saveCrc(0); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err = w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: metadataType, Data: metadata}); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err = w.SaveSnapshot(walpb.Snapshot{}); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if w, err = w.renameWal(tmpdirpath); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
// directory was renamed; sync parent dir to persist rename
pdir, perr := fileutil.OpenDir(path.Dir(w.dir))
if perr != nil {
return nil, perr
}
if perr = fileutil.Fsync(pdir); perr != nil {
return nil, perr
}
if perr = pdir.Close(); err != nil {
return nil, perr
}
return w, nil
}
// Open opens the WAL at the given snap.
// The snap SHOULD have been previously saved to the WAL, or the following
// ReadAll will fail.
// The returned WAL is ready to read and the first record will be the one after
// the given snap. The WAL cannot be appended to before reading out all of its
// previous records.
func Open(dirpath string, snap walpb.Snapshot) (*WAL, error) {
w, err := openAtIndex(dirpath, snap, true)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if w.dirFile, err = fileutil.OpenDir(w.dir); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return w, nil
}
// OpenForRead only opens the wal files for read.
// Write on a read only wal panics.
func OpenForRead(dirpath string, snap walpb.Snapshot) (*WAL, error) {
return openAtIndex(dirpath, snap, false)
}
func openAtIndex(dirpath string, snap walpb.Snapshot, write bool) (*WAL, error) {
names, err := readWalNames(dirpath)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
nameIndex, ok := searchIndex(names, snap.Index)
if !ok || !isValidSeq(names[nameIndex:]) {
return nil, ErrFileNotFound
}
// open the wal files
rcs := make([]io.ReadCloser, 0)
rs := make([]io.Reader, 0)
ls := make([]*fileutil.LockedFile, 0)
for _, name := range names[nameIndex:] {
p := path.Join(dirpath, name)
if write {
l, err := fileutil.TryLockFile(p, os.O_RDWR, fileutil.PrivateFileMode)
if err != nil {
closeAll(rcs...)
return nil, err
}
ls = append(ls, l)
rcs = append(rcs, l)
} else {
rf, err := os.OpenFile(p, os.O_RDONLY, fileutil.PrivateFileMode)
if err != nil {
closeAll(rcs...)
return nil, err
}
ls = append(ls, nil)
rcs = append(rcs, rf)
}
rs = append(rs, rcs[len(rcs)-1])
}
closer := func() error { return closeAll(rcs...) }
// create a WAL ready for reading
w := &WAL{
dir: dirpath,
start: snap,
decoder: newDecoder(rs...),
readClose: closer,
locks: ls,
}
if write {
// write reuses the file descriptors from read; don't close so
// WAL can append without dropping the file lock
w.readClose = nil
if _, _, err := parseWalName(path.Base(w.tail().Name())); err != nil {
closer()
return nil, err
}
w.fp = newFilePipeline(w.dir, SegmentSizeBytes)
}
return w, nil
}
// ReadAll reads out records of the current WAL.
// If opened in write mode, it must read out all records until EOF. Or an error
// will be returned.
// If opened in read mode, it will try to read all records if possible.
// If it cannot read out the expected snap, it will return ErrSnapshotNotFound.
// If loaded snap doesn't match with the expected one, it will return
// all the records and error ErrSnapshotMismatch.
// TODO: detect not-last-snap error.
// TODO: maybe loose the checking of match.
// After ReadAll, the WAL will be ready for appending new records.
func (w *WAL) ReadAll() (metadata []byte, state raftpb.HardState, ents []raftpb.Entry, err error) {
w.mu.Lock()
defer w.mu.Unlock()
rec := &walpb.Record{}
decoder := w.decoder
var match bool
for err = decoder.decode(rec); err == nil; err = decoder.decode(rec) {
switch rec.Type {
case entryType:
e := mustUnmarshalEntry(rec.Data)
if e.Index > w.start.Index {
ents = append(ents[:e.Index-w.start.Index-1], e)
}
w.enti = e.Index
case stateType:
state = mustUnmarshalState(rec.Data)
case metadataType:
if metadata != nil && !bytes.Equal(metadata, rec.Data) {
state.Reset()
return nil, state, nil, ErrMetadataConflict
}
metadata = rec.Data
case crcType:
crc := decoder.crc.Sum32()
// current crc of decoder must match the crc of the record.
// do no need to match 0 crc, since the decoder is a new one at this case.
if crc != 0 && rec.Validate(crc) != nil {
state.Reset()
return nil, state, nil, ErrCRCMismatch
}
decoder.updateCRC(rec.Crc)
case snapshotType:
var snap walpb.Snapshot
pbutil.MustUnmarshal(&snap, rec.Data)
if snap.Index == w.start.Index {
if snap.Term != w.start.Term {
state.Reset()
return nil, state, nil, ErrSnapshotMismatch
}
match = true
}
default:
state.Reset()
return nil, state, nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected block type %d", rec.Type)
}
}
switch w.tail() {
case nil:
// We do not have to read out all entries in read mode.
// The last record maybe a partial written one, so
// ErrunexpectedEOF might be returned.
if err != io.EOF && err != io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
state.Reset()
return nil, state, nil, err
}
default:
// We must read all of the entries if WAL is opened in write mode.
if err != io.EOF {
state.Reset()
return nil, state, nil, err
}
// decodeRecord() will return io.EOF if it detects a zero record,
// but this zero record may be followed by non-zero records from
// a torn write. Overwriting some of these non-zero records, but
// not all, will cause CRC errors on WAL open. Since the records
// were never fully synced to disk in the first place, it's safe
// to zero them out to avoid any CRC errors from new writes.
if _, err = w.tail().Seek(w.decoder.lastOffset(), os.SEEK_SET); err != nil {
return nil, state, nil, err
}
if err = fileutil.ZeroToEnd(w.tail().File); err != nil {
return nil, state, nil, err
}
}
err = nil
if !match {
err = ErrSnapshotNotFound
}
// close decoder, disable reading
if w.readClose != nil {
w.readClose()
w.readClose = nil
}
w.start = walpb.Snapshot{}
w.metadata = metadata
if w.tail() != nil {
// create encoder (chain crc with the decoder), enable appending
w.encoder, err = newFileEncoder(w.tail().File, w.decoder.lastCRC())
if err != nil {
return
}
}
w.decoder = nil
return metadata, state, ents, err
}
// cut closes current file written and creates a new one ready to append.
// cut first creates a temp wal file and writes necessary headers into it.
// Then cut atomically rename temp wal file to a wal file.
func (w *WAL) cut() error {
// close old wal file; truncate to avoid wasting space if an early cut
off, serr := w.tail().Seek(0, os.SEEK_CUR)
if serr != nil {
return serr
}
if err := w.tail().Truncate(off); err != nil {
return err
}
if err := w.sync(); err != nil {
return err
}
fpath := path.Join(w.dir, walName(w.seq()+1, w.enti+1))
// create a temp wal file with name sequence + 1, or truncate the existing one
newTail, err := w.fp.Open()
if err != nil {
return err
}
// update writer and save the previous crc
w.locks = append(w.locks, newTail)
prevCrc := w.encoder.crc.Sum32()
w.encoder, err = newFileEncoder(w.tail().File, prevCrc)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err = w.saveCrc(prevCrc); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: metadataType, Data: w.metadata}); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = w.saveState(&w.state); err != nil {
return err
}
// atomically move temp wal file to wal file
if err = w.sync(); err != nil {
return err
}
off, err = w.tail().Seek(0, os.SEEK_CUR)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err = os.Rename(newTail.Name(), fpath); err != nil {
return err
}
if err = fileutil.Fsync(w.dirFile); err != nil {
return err
}
newTail.Close()
if newTail, err = fileutil.LockFile(fpath, os.O_WRONLY, fileutil.PrivateFileMode); err != nil {
return err
}
if _, err = newTail.Seek(off, os.SEEK_SET); err != nil {
return err
}
w.locks[len(w.locks)-1] = newTail
prevCrc = w.encoder.crc.Sum32()
w.encoder, err = newFileEncoder(w.tail().File, prevCrc)
if err != nil {
return err
}
plog.Infof("segmented wal file %v is created", fpath)
return nil
}
func (w *WAL) sync() error {
if w.encoder != nil {
if err := w.encoder.flush(); err != nil {
return err
}
}
start := time.Now()
err := fileutil.Fdatasync(w.tail().File)
duration := time.Since(start)
if duration > warnSyncDuration {
plog.Warningf("sync duration of %v, expected less than %v", duration, warnSyncDuration)
}
syncDurations.Observe(duration.Seconds())
return err
}
// ReleaseLockTo releases the locks, which has smaller index than the given index
// except the largest one among them.
// For example, if WAL is holding lock 1,2,3,4,5,6, ReleaseLockTo(4) will release
// lock 1,2 but keep 3. ReleaseLockTo(5) will release 1,2,3 but keep 4.
func (w *WAL) ReleaseLockTo(index uint64) error {
w.mu.Lock()
defer w.mu.Unlock()
var smaller int
found := false
for i, l := range w.locks {
_, lockIndex, err := parseWalName(path.Base(l.Name()))
if err != nil {
return err
}
if lockIndex >= index {
smaller = i - 1
found = true
break
}
}
// if no lock index is greater than the release index, we can
// release lock up to the last one(excluding).
if !found && len(w.locks) != 0 {
smaller = len(w.locks) - 1
}
if smaller <= 0 {
return nil
}
for i := 0; i < smaller; i++ {
if w.locks[i] == nil {
continue
}
w.locks[i].Close()
}
w.locks = w.locks[smaller:]
return nil
}
func (w *WAL) Close() error {
w.mu.Lock()
defer w.mu.Unlock()
if w.fp != nil {
w.fp.Close()
w.fp = nil
}
if w.tail() != nil {
if err := w.sync(); err != nil {
return err
}
}
for _, l := range w.locks {
if l == nil {
continue
}
if err := l.Close(); err != nil {
plog.Errorf("failed to unlock during closing wal: %s", err)
}
}
return w.dirFile.Close()
}
func (w *WAL) saveEntry(e *raftpb.Entry) error {
// TODO: add MustMarshalTo to reduce one allocation.
b := pbutil.MustMarshal(e)
rec := &walpb.Record{Type: entryType, Data: b}
if err := w.encoder.encode(rec); err != nil {
return err
}
w.enti = e.Index
return nil
}
func (w *WAL) saveState(s *raftpb.HardState) error {
if raft.IsEmptyHardState(*s) {
return nil
}
w.state = *s
b := pbutil.MustMarshal(s)
rec := &walpb.Record{Type: stateType, Data: b}
return w.encoder.encode(rec)
}
func (w *WAL) Save(st raftpb.HardState, ents []raftpb.Entry) error {
w.mu.Lock()
defer w.mu.Unlock()
// short cut, do not call sync
if raft.IsEmptyHardState(st) && len(ents) == 0 {
return nil
}
mustSync := mustSync(st, w.state, len(ents))
// TODO(xiangli): no more reference operator
for i := range ents {
if err := w.saveEntry(&ents[i]); err != nil {
return err
}
}
if err := w.saveState(&st); err != nil {
return err
}
curOff, err := w.tail().Seek(0, os.SEEK_CUR)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if curOff < SegmentSizeBytes {
if mustSync {
return w.sync()
}
return nil
}
return w.cut()
}
func (w *WAL) SaveSnapshot(e walpb.Snapshot) error {
b := pbutil.MustMarshal(&e)
w.mu.Lock()
defer w.mu.Unlock()
rec := &walpb.Record{Type: snapshotType, Data: b}
if err := w.encoder.encode(rec); err != nil {
return err
}
// update enti only when snapshot is ahead of last index
if w.enti < e.Index {
w.enti = e.Index
}
return w.sync()
}
func (w *WAL) saveCrc(prevCrc uint32) error {
return w.encoder.encode(&walpb.Record{Type: crcType, Crc: prevCrc})
}
func (w *WAL) tail() *fileutil.LockedFile {
if len(w.locks) > 0 {
return w.locks[len(w.locks)-1]
}
return nil
}
func (w *WAL) seq() uint64 {
t := w.tail()
if t == nil {
return 0
}
seq, _, err := parseWalName(path.Base(t.Name()))
if err != nil {
plog.Fatalf("bad wal name %s (%v)", t.Name(), err)
}
return seq
}
func mustSync(st, prevst raftpb.HardState, entsnum int) bool {
// Persistent state on all servers:
// (Updated on stable storage before responding to RPCs)
// currentTerm
// votedFor
// log entries[]
return entsnum != 0 || st.Vote != prevst.Vote || st.Term != prevst.Term
}
func closeAll(rcs ...io.ReadCloser) error {
for _, f := range rcs {
if err := f.Close(); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
}
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