1 Star 2 Fork 0

dencycheng/设计模式

加入 Gitee
与超过 1200万 开发者一起发现、参与优秀开源项目,私有仓库也完全免费 :)
免费加入
克隆/下载
贡献代码
同步代码
取消
提示: 由于 Git 不支持空文件夾,创建文件夹后会生成空的 .keep 文件
Loading...
README
AFL-3.0

设计模式-工厂模式

软件架构

软件架构说明 工厂模式 工厂模式(Factory Pattern)是 Java 中最常用的设计模式之一。这种类型的设计模式属于创建型模式,它提供了一种创建对象的最佳方式。

在工厂模式中,我们在创建对象时不会对客户端暴露创建逻辑,并且是通过使用一个共同的接口来指向新创建的对象。

介绍

意图:定义一个创建对象的接口,让其子类自己决定实例化哪一个工厂类,工厂模式使其创建过程延迟到子类进行。

主要解决:主要解决接口选择的问题。

何时使用:我们明确地计划不同条件下创建不同实例时。

如何解决:让其子类实现工厂接口,返回的也是一个抽象的产品。

关键代码:创建过程在其子类执行。

应用实例

  • 您需要一辆汽车,可以直接从工厂里面提货,而不用去管这辆汽车是怎么做出来的,以及这个汽车里面的具体实现。
  • Hibernate 换数据库只需换方言和驱动就可以。

优点

  • 一个调用者想创建一个对象,只要知道其名称就可以了。
  • 扩展性高,如果想增加一个产品,只要扩展一个工厂类就可以。
  • 屏蔽产品的具体实现,调用者只关心产品的接口。

缺点: 每次增加一个产品时,都需要增加一个具体类和对象实现工厂,使得系统中类的个数成倍增加,在一定程度上增加了系统的复杂度,同时也增加了系统具体类的依赖。这并不是什么好事。

使用场景

  • 日志记录器:记录可能记录到本地硬盘、系统事件、远程服务器等,用户可以选择记录日志到什么地方。
  • 数据库访问,当用户不知道最后系统采用哪一类数据库,以及数据库可能有变化时。
  • 设计一个连接服务器的框架,需要三个协议,"POP3"、"IMAP"、"HTTP",可以把这三个作为产品类,共同实现一个接口。

注意事项:作为一种创建类模式,在任何需要生成复杂对象的地方,都可以使用工厂方法模式。有一点需要注意的地方就是复杂对象适合使用工厂模式,而简单对象,特别是只需要通过 new 就可以完成创建的对象,无需使用工厂模式。如果使用工厂模式,就需要引入一个工厂类,会增加系统的复杂度。


设计模式-单例模式

软件架构

软件架构说明 单例模式(Singleton Pattern)是 Java 中最简单的设计模式之一。这种类型的设计模式属于创建型模式,它提供了一种创建对象的最佳方式。

这种模式涉及到一个单一的类,该类负责创建自己的对象,同时确保只有单个对象被创建。这个类提供了一种访问其唯一的对象的方式,可以直接访问,不需要实例化该类的对象。

注意:

  • 单例类只能有一个实例。
  • 单例类必须自己创建自己的唯一实例。
  • 单例类必须给所有其他对象提供这一实例。

介绍

意图:保证一个类仅有一个实例,并提供一个访问它的全局访问点。

主要解决:一个全局使用的类频繁地创建与销毁。

何时使用:当您想控制实例数目,节省系统资源的时候。

如何解决:判断系统是否已经有这个单例,如果有则返回,如果没有则创建。

关键代码:构造函数是私有的。

应用实例

  • 一个班级只有一个班主任。
  • Windows 是多进程多线程的,在操作一个文件的时候,就不可避免地出现多个进程或线程同时操作一个文件的现象,所以所有文件的处理必须通过唯一的实例来进行。
  • 一些设备管理器常常设计为单例模式,比如一个电脑有两台打印机,在输出的时候就要处理不能两台打印机打印同一个文件。

优点

  • 在内存里只有一个实例,减少了内存的开销,尤其是频繁的创建和销毁实例(比如管理学院首页页面缓存)。
  • 避免对资源的多重占用(比如写文件操作)。

缺点: 没有接口,不能继承,与单一职责原则冲突,一个类应该只关心内部逻辑,而不关心外面怎么样来实例化。

使用场景

  • 要求生产唯一序列号。
  • WEB 中的计数器,不用每次刷新都在数据库里加一次,用单例先缓存起来。
  • 创建的一个对象需要消耗的资源过多,比如 I/O 与数据库的连接等。

注意事项:getInstance() 方法中需要使用同步锁 synchronized (Singleton.class) 防止多线程同时进入造成 instance 被多次实例化。


设计模式-策略模式

软件架构

软件架构说明 策略模式 在策略模式(Strategy Pattern)中,一个类的行为或其算法可以在运行时更改。这种类型的设计模式属于行为型模式。

在策略模式中,我们创建表示各种策略的对象和一个行为随着策略对象改变而改变的 context 对象。策略对象改变 context 对象的执行算法。

介绍

意图:定义一系列的算法,把它们一个个封装起来, 并且使它们可相互替换。

主要解决:在有多种算法相似的情况下,使用 if...else 所带来的复杂和难以维护。

何时使用:一个系统有许多许多类,而区分它们的只是他们直接的行为。

如何解决:将这些算法封装成一个一个的类,任意地替换。

关键代码:实现同一个接口。

应用实例

  • 诸葛亮的锦囊妙计,每一个锦囊就是一个策略。
  • 旅行的出游方式,选择骑自行车、坐汽车,每一种旅行方式都是一个策略。
  • JAVA AWT 中的 LayoutManager。

优点

  • 算法可以自由切换。
  • 避免使用多重条件判断。
  • 扩展性良好。

缺点

  • 策略类会增多。
  • 所有策略类都需要对外暴露。

使用场景

  • 如果在一个系统里面有许多类,它们之间的区别仅在于它们的行为,那么使用策略模式可以动态地让一个对象在许多行为中选择一种行为。
  • 一个系统需要动态地在几种算法中选择一种。
  • 如果一个对象有很多的行为,如果不用恰当的模式,这些行为就只好使用多重的条件选择语句来实现。

注意事项:如果一个系统的策略多于四个,就需要考虑使用混合模式,解决策略类膨胀的问题。

设计模式-观察者模式

软件架构

观察者模式 当对象间存在一对多关系时,则使用观察者模式(Observer Pattern)。比如,当一个对象被修改时,则会自动通知它的依赖对象。观察者模式属于行为型模式。

介绍

意图:定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系,当一个对象的状态发生改变时,所有依赖于它的对象都得到通知并被自动更新。

主要解决:一个对象状态改变给其他对象通知的问题,而且要考虑到易用和低耦合,保证高度的协作。

何时使用:一个对象(目标对象)的状态发生改变,所有的依赖对象(观察者对象)都将得到通知,进行广播通知。

如何解决:将这些算法封装成一个一个的类,任意地替换。

关键代码:使用面向对象技术,可以将这种依赖关系弱化。

应用实例

  • 拍卖的时候,拍卖师观察最高标价,然后通知给其他竞价者竞价。
  • 西游记里面悟空请求菩萨降服红孩儿,菩萨洒了一地水招来一个老乌龟,这个乌龟就是观察者,他观察菩萨洒水这个动作。

优点

  • 观察者和被观察者是抽象耦合的
  • 建立一套触发机制。

缺点

  • 如果一个被观察者对象有很多的直接和间接的观察者的话,将所有的观察者都通知到会花费很多时间。
  • 如果在观察者和观察目标之间有循环依赖的话,观察目标会触发它们之间进行循环调用,可能导致系统崩溃。
  • 观察者模式没有相应的机制让观察者知道所观察的目标对象是怎么发生变化的,而仅仅只是知道观察目标发生了变化。

使用场景

  • 一个抽象模型有两个方面,其中一个方面依赖于另一个方面。将这些方面封装在独立的对象中使它们可以各自独立地改变和复用。
  • 一个对象的改变将导致其他一个或多个对象也发生改变,而不知道具体有多少对象将发生改变,可以降低对象之间的耦合度。
  • 一个对象必须通知其他对象,而并不知道这些对象是谁。
  • 需要在系统中创建一个触发链,A对象的行为将影响B对象,B对象的行为将影响C对象……,可以使用观察者模式创建一种链式触发机制。

注意事项

  • JAVA 中已经有了对观察者模式的支持类
  • 避免循环引用
  • 如果顺序执行,某一观察者错误会导致系统卡壳,一般采用异步方式。
Academic Free License (“AFL”) v. 3.0 This Academic Free License (the "License") applies to any original work of authorship (the "Original Work") whose owner (the "Licensor") has placed the following licensing notice adjacent to the copyright notice for the Original Work: Licensed under the Academic Free License version 3.0 1) Grant of Copyright License. Licensor grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, sublicensable license, for the duration of the copyright, to do the following: a) to reproduce the Original Work in copies, either alone or as part of a collective work; b) to translate, adapt, alter, transform, modify, or arrange the Original Work, thereby creating derivative works ("Derivative Works") based upon the Original Work; c) to distribute or communicate copies of the Original Work and Derivative Works to the public, under any license of your choice that does not contradict the terms and conditions, including Licensor’s reserved rights and remedies, in this Academic Free License; d) to perform the Original Work publicly; and e) to display the Original Work publicly. 2) Grant of Patent License. Licensor grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, sublicensable license, under patent claims owned or controlled by the Licensor that are embodied in the Original Work as furnished by the Licensor, for the duration of the patents, to make, use, sell, offer for sale, have made, and import the Original Work and Derivative Works. 3) Grant of Source Code License. The term "Source Code" means the preferred form of the Original Work for making modifications to it and all available documentation describing how to modify the Original Work. Licensor agrees to provide a machine-readable copy of the Source Code of the Original Work along with each copy of the Original Work that Licensor distributes. Licensor reserves the right to satisfy this obligation by placing a machine-readable copy of the Source Code in an information repository reasonably calculated to permit inexpensive and convenient access by You for as long as Licensor continues to distribute the Original Work. 4) Exclusions From License Grant. Neither the names of Licensor, nor the names of any contributors to the Original Work, nor any of their trademarks or service marks, may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this Original Work without express prior permission of the Licensor. Except as expressly stated herein, nothing in this License grants any license to Licensor’s trademarks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets or any other intellectual property. No patent license is granted to make, use, sell, offer for sale, have made, or import embodiments of any patent claims other than the licensed claims defined in Section 2. No license is granted to the trademarks of Licensor even if such marks are included in the Original Work. Nothing in this License shall be interpreted to prohibit Licensor from licensing under terms different from this License any Original Work that Licensor otherwise would have a right to license. 5) External Deployment. The term "External Deployment" means the use, distribution, or communication of the Original Work or Derivative Works in any way such that the Original Work or Derivative Works may be used by anyone other than You, whether those works are distributed or communicated to those persons or made available as an application intended for use over a network. As an express condition for the grants of license hereunder, You must treat any External Deployment by You of the Original Work or a Derivative Work as a distribution under section 1(c). 6) Attribution Rights. You must retain, in the Source Code of any Derivative Works that You create, all copyright, patent, or trademark notices from the Source Code of the Original Work, as well as any notices of licensing and any descriptive text identified therein as an "Attribution Notice." You must cause the Source Code for any Derivative Works that You create to carry a prominent Attribution Notice reasonably calculated to inform recipients that You have modified the Original Work. 7) Warranty of Provenance and Disclaimer of Warranty. Licensor warrants that the copyright in and to the Original Work and the patent rights granted herein by Licensor are owned by the Licensor or are sublicensed to You under the terms of this License with the permission of the contributor(s) of those copyrights and patent rights. Except as expressly stated in the immediately preceding sentence, the Original Work is provided under this License on an "AS IS" BASIS and WITHOUT WARRANTY, either express or implied, including, without limitation, the warranties of non-infringement, merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY OF THE ORIGINAL WORK IS WITH YOU. This DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY constitutes an essential part of this License. No license to the Original Work is granted by this License except under this disclaimer. 8) Limitation of Liability. Under no circumstances and under no legal theory, whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise, shall the Licensor be liable to anyone for any indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a result of this License or the use of the Original Work including, without limitation, damages for loss of goodwill, work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all other commercial damages or losses. This limitation of liability shall not apply to the extent applicable law prohibits such limitation. 9) Acceptance and Termination. If, at any time, You expressly assented to this License, that assent indicates your clear and irrevocable acceptance of this License and all of its terms and conditions. If You distribute or communicate copies of the Original Work or a Derivative Work, You must make a reasonable effort under the circumstances to obtain the express assent of recipients to the terms of this License. This License conditions your rights to undertake the activities listed in Section 1, including your right to create Derivative Works based upon the Original Work, and doing so without honoring these terms and conditions is prohibited by copyright law and international treaty. Nothing in this License is intended to affect copyright exceptions and limitations (including “fair use” or “fair dealing”). This License shall terminate immediately and You may no longer exercise any of the rights granted to You by this License upon your failure to honor the conditions in Section 1(c). 10) Termination for Patent Action. This License shall terminate automatically and You may no longer exercise any of the rights granted to You by this License as of the date You commence an action, including a cross-claim or counterclaim, against Licensor or any licensee alleging that the Original Work infringes a patent. This termination provision shall not apply for an action alleging patent infringement by combinations of the Original Work with other software or hardware. 11) Jurisdiction, Venue and Governing Law. Any action or suit relating to this License may be brought only in the courts of a jurisdiction wherein the Licensor resides or in which Licensor conducts its primary business, and under the laws of that jurisdiction excluding its conflict-of-law provisions. The application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods is expressly excluded. Any use of the Original Work outside the scope of this License or after its termination shall be subject to the requirements and penalties of copyright or patent law in the appropriate jurisdiction. This section shall survive the termination of this License. 12) Attorneys’ Fees. In any action to enforce the terms of this License or seeking damages relating thereto, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover its costs and expenses, including, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees and costs incurred in connection with such action, including any appeal of such action. This section shall survive the termination of this License. 13) Miscellaneous. If any provision of this License is held to be unenforceable, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable. 14) Definition of "You" in This License. "You" throughout this License, whether in upper or lower case, means an individual or a legal entity exercising rights under, and complying with all of the terms of, this License. For legal entities, "You" includes any entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with you. For purposes of this definition, "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity. 15) Right to Use. You may use the Original Work in all ways not otherwise restricted or conditioned by this License or by law, and Licensor promises not to interfere with or be responsible for such uses by You. 16) Modification of This License. This License is Copyright © 2005 Lawrence Rosen. Permission is granted to copy, distribute, or communicate this License without modification. Nothing in this License permits You to modify this License as applied to the Original Work or to Derivative Works. However, You may modify the text of this License and copy, distribute or communicate your modified version (the "Modified License") and apply it to other original works of authorship subject to the following conditions: (i) You may not indicate in any way that your Modified License is the "Academic Free License" or "AFL" and you may not use those names in the name of your Modified License; (ii) You must replace the notice specified in the first paragraph above with the notice "Licensed under <insert your license name here>" or with a notice of your own that is not confusingly similar to the notice in this License; and (iii) You may not claim that your original works are open source software unless your Modified License has been approved by Open Source Initiative (OSI) and You comply with its license review and certification process.

简介

java 设计模式案例 展开 收起
Java
AFL-3.0
取消

发行版

暂无发行版

贡献者

全部

近期动态

不能加载更多了
马建仓 AI 助手
尝试更多
代码解读
代码找茬
代码优化
Java
1
https://gitee.com/DencyCheng_admin/design_pattern.git
git@gitee.com:DencyCheng_admin/design_pattern.git
DencyCheng_admin
design_pattern
设计模式
master

搜索帮助