SPEC.md · yuwei/littlefs

## littlefs technical specification

This is the technical specification of the little filesystem. This document
covers the technical details of how the littlefs is stored on disk for
introspection and tooling. This document assumes you are familiar with the
design of the littlefs, for more info on how littlefs works check
out [DESIGN.md](DESIGN.md).

```
   | | |     .---._____
  .-----.   |          |
--|o    |---| littlefs |
--|     |---|          |
  '-----'   '----------'
   | | |
```

## Some quick notes

- littlefs is a block-based filesystem. The disk is divided into an array of
  evenly sized blocks that are used as the logical unit of storage.

- Block pointers are stored in 32 bits, with the special value `0xffffffff`
  representing a null block address.

- In addition to the logical block size (which usually matches the erase
  block size), littlefs also uses a program block size and read block size.
  These determine the alignment of block device operations, but don't need
  to be consistent for portability.

- By default, all values in littlefs are stored in little-endian byte order.

## Directories / Metadata pairs

Metadata pairs form the backbone of littlefs and provide a system for
distributed atomic updates. Even the superblock is stored in a metadata pair.

As their name suggests, a metadata pair is stored in two blocks, with one block
providing a backup during erase cycles in case power is lost. These two blocks
are not necessarily sequential and may be anywhere on disk, so a "pointer" to a
metadata pair is stored as two block pointers.

On top of this, each metadata block behaves as an appendable log, containing a
variable number of commits. Commits can be appended to the metadata log in
order to update the metadata without requiring an erase cycles. Note that
successive commits may supersede the metadata in previous commits. Only the
most recent metadata should be considered valid.

The high-level layout of a metadata block is fairly simple:

```
  .---------------------------------------.
.-|  revision count   |      entries      |  \
| |-------------------+                   |  |
| |                                       |  |
| |                                       |  +-- 1st commit
| |                                       |  |
| |                   +-------------------|  |
| |                   |        CRC        |  /
| |-------------------+-------------------|
| |                entries                |  \
| |                                       |  |
| |                                       |  +-- 2nd commit
| |    +-------------------+--------------|  |
| |    |        CRC        |    padding   |  /
| |----+-------------------+--------------|
| |                entries                |  \
| |                                       |  |
| |                                       |  +-- 3rd commit
| |         +-------------------+---------|  |
| |         |        CRC        |         |  /
| |---------+-------------------+         |
| |           unwritten storage           |  more commits
| |                                       |       |
| |                                       |       v
| |                                       |
| |                                       |
| '---------------------------------------'
'---------------------------------------'
```

Each metadata block contains a 32-bit revision count followed by a number of
commits. Each commit contains a variable number of metadata entries followed
by a 32-bit CRC.

Note also that entries aren't necessarily word-aligned. This allows us to
store metadata more compactly, however we can only write to addresses that are
aligned to our program block size. This means each commit may have padding for
alignment.

Metadata block fields:

1. **Revision count (32-bits)** - Incremented every erase cycle. If both blocks
   contain valid commits, only the block with the most recent revision count
   should be used. Sequence comparison must be used to avoid issues with
   integer overflow.

2. **CRC (32-bits)** - Detects corruption from power-loss or other write
   issues.  Uses a CRC-32 with a polynomial of `0x04c11db7` initialized
   with `0xffffffff`.

Entries themselves are stored as a 32-bit tag followed by a variable length
blob of data. But exactly how these tags are stored is a little bit tricky.

Metadata blocks support both forward and backward iteration. In order to do
this without duplicating the space for each tag, neighboring entries have their
tags XORed together, starting with `0xffffffff`.

```
 Forward iteration                        Backward iteration

.-------------------.  0xffffffff        .-------------------.
|  revision count   |      |             |  revision count   |
|-------------------|      v             |-------------------|
|      tag ~A       |---> xor -> tag A   |      tag ~A       |---> xor -> 0xffffffff
|-------------------|      |             |-------------------|      ^
|       data A      |      |             |       data A      |      |
|                   |      |             |                   |      |
|                   |      |             |                   |      |
|-------------------|      v             |-------------------|      |
|      tag AxB      |---> xor -> tag B   |      tag AxB      |---> xor -> tag A
|-------------------|      |             |-------------------|      ^
|       data B      |      |             |       data B      |      |
|                   |      |             |                   |      |
|                   |      |             |                   |      |
|-------------------|      v             |-------------------|      |
|      tag BxC      |---> xor -> tag C   |      tag BxC      |---> xor -> tag B
|-------------------|                    |-------------------|      ^
|       data C      |                    |       data C      |      |
|                   |                    |                   |    tag C
|                   |                    |                   |
|                   |                    |                   |
'-------------------'                    '-------------------'
```

One last thing to note before we get into the details around tag encoding. Each
tag contains a valid bit used to indicate if the tag and containing commit is
valid. This valid bit is the first bit found in the tag and the commit and can
be used to tell if we've attempted to write to the remaining space in the
block.

Here's a more complete example of metadata block containing 4 entries:

```
  .---------------------------------------.
.-|  revision count   |      tag ~A       |        \
| |-------------------+-------------------|        |
| |                 data A                |        |
| |                                       |        |
| |-------------------+-------------------|        |
| |      tag AxB      |       data B      | <--.   |
| |-------------------+                   |    |   |
| |                                       |    |   +-- 1st commit
| |         +-------------------+---------|    |   |
| |         |      tag BxC      |         | <-.|   |
| |---------+-------------------+         |   ||   |
| |                 data C                |   ||   |
| |                                       |   ||   |
| |-------------------+-------------------|   ||   |
| |     tag CxCRC     |        CRC        |   ||   /
| |-------------------+-------------------|   ||
| |     tag CRCxA'    |      data A'      |   ||   \
| |-------------------+                   |   ||   |
| |                                       |   ||   |
| |              +-------------------+----|   ||   +-- 2nd commit
| |              |     tag CRCxA'    |    |   ||   |
| |--------------+-------------------+----|   ||   |
| | CRC          |        padding         |   ||   /
| |--------------+----+-------------------|   ||
| |     tag CRCxA''   |      data A''     | <---.  \
| |-------------------+                   |   |||  |
| |                                       |   |||  |
| |         +-------------------+---------|   |||  |
| |         |     tag A''xD     |         | < |||  |
| |---------+-------------------+         |  ||||  +-- 3rd commit
| |                data D                 |  ||||  |
| |                             +---------|  ||||  |
| |                             |   tag Dx|  ||||  |
| |---------+-------------------+---------|  ||||  |
| |CRC      |        CRC        |         |  ||||  /
| |---------+-------------------+         |  ||||
| |           unwritten storage           |  ||||  more commits
| |                                       |  ||||       |
| |                                       |  ||||       v
| |                                       |  ||||
| |                                       |  ||||
| '---------------------------------------'  ||||
'---------------------------------------'    |||'- most recent A
                                             ||'-- most recent B
                                             |'--- most recent C
                                             '---- most recent D
```

## Metadata tags

So in littlefs, 32-bit tags describe every type of metadata. And this means
_every_ type of metadata, including file entries, directory fields, and
global state. Even the CRCs used to mark the end of commits get their own tag.

Because of this, the tag format contains some densely packed information. Note
that there are multiple levels of types which break down into more info:

```
[----            32             ----]
[1|--  11   --|--  10  --|--  10  --]
 ^.     ^     .     ^          ^- length
 |.     |     .     '------------ id
 |.     '-----.------------------ type (type3)
 '.-----------.------------------ valid bit
  [-3-|-- 8 --]
    ^     ^- chunk
    '------- type (type1)
```

Before we go further, there's one important thing to note. These tags are
**not** stored in little-endian. Tags stored in commits are actually stored
in big-endian (and is the only thing in littlefs stored in big-endian). This
little bit of craziness comes from the fact that the valid bit must be the
first bit in a commit, and when converted to little-endian, the valid bit finds
itself in byte 4. We could restructure the tag to store the valid bit lower,
but, because none of the fields are byte-aligned, this would be more
complicated than just storing the tag in big-endian.

Another thing to note is that both the tags `0x00000000` and `0xffffffff` are
invalid and can be used for null values.

Metadata tag fields:

1. **Valid bit (1-bit)** - Indicates if the tag is valid.

2. **Type3 (11-bits)** - Type of the tag. This field is broken down further
   into a 3-bit abstract type and an 8-bit chunk field. Note that the value
   `0x000` is invalid and not assigned a type.

3. **Type1 (3-bits)** - Abstract type of the tag. Groups the tags into
   8 categories that facilitate bitmasked lookups.

4. **Chunk (8-bits)** - Chunk field used for various purposes by the different
   abstract types.  type1+chunk+id form a unique identifier for each tag in the
   metadata block.

5. **Id (10-bits)** - File id associated with the tag. Each file in a metadata
   block gets a unique id which is used to associate tags with that file. The
   special value `0x3ff` is used for any tags that are not associated with a
   file, such as directory and global metadata.

6. **Length (10-bits)** - Length of the data in bytes. The special value
   `0x3ff` indicates that this tag has been deleted.

## Metadata types

What follows is an exhaustive list of metadata in littlefs.

---
#### `0x401` LFS_TYPE_CREATE

Creates a new file with this id. Note that files in a metadata block
don't necessarily need a create tag. All a create does is move over any
files using this id. In this sense a create is similar to insertion into
an imaginary array of files.

The create and delete tags allow littlefs to keep files in a directory
ordered alphabetically by filename.

---
#### `0x4ff` LFS_TYPE_DELETE

Deletes the file with this id. An inverse to create, this tag moves over
any files neighboring this id similar to a deletion from an imaginary
array of files.

---
#### `0x0xx` LFS_TYPE_NAME

Associates the id with a file name and file type.

The data contains the file name stored as an ASCII string (may be expanded to
UTF8 in the future).

The chunk field in this tag indicates an 8-bit file type which can be one of
the following.

Currently, the name tag must precede any other tags associated with the id and
can not be reassigned without deleting the file.

Layout of the name tag:

```
        tag                          data
[--      32      --][---        variable length        ---]
[1| 3| 8 | 10 | 10 ][---          (size * 8)           ---]
 ^  ^  ^    ^    ^- size                   ^- file name
 |  |  |    '------ id
 |  |  '----------- file type
 |  '-------------- type1 (0x0)
 '----------------- valid bit
```

Name fields:

1. **file type (8-bits)** - Type of the file.

2. **file name** - File name stored as an ASCII string.

---
#### `0x001` LFS_TYPE_REG

Initializes the id + name as a regular file.

How each file is stored depends on its struct tag, which is described below.

---
#### `0x002` LFS_TYPE_DIR

Initializes the id + name as a directory.

Directories in littlefs are stored on disk as a linked-list of metadata pairs,
each pair containing any number of files in alphabetical order. A pointer to
the directory is stored in the struct tag, which is described below.

---
#### `0x0ff` LFS_TYPE_SUPERBLOCK

Initializes the id as a superblock entry.

The superblock entry is a special entry used to store format-time configuration
and identify the filesystem.

The name is a bit of a misnomer. While the superblock entry serves the same
purpose as a superblock found in other filesystems, in littlefs the superblock
does not get a dedicated block. Instead, the superblock entry is duplicated
across a linked-list of metadata pairs rooted on the blocks 0 and 1. The last
metadata pair doubles as the root directory of the filesystem.

```
 .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.
.| super  |->| super  |->| super  |->| super  |->| file B |
|| block  | || block  | || block  | || block  | || file C |
||        | ||        | ||        | || file A | || file D |
|'--------' |'--------' |'--------' |'--------' |'--------'
'--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'

\----------------+----------------/ \----------+----------/
          superblock pairs               root directory
```

The filesystem starts with only the root directory. The superblock metadata
pairs grow every time the root pair is compacted in order to prolong the
life of the device exponentially.

The contents of the superblock entry are stored in a name tag with the
superblock type and an inline-struct tag. The name tag contains the magic
string "littlefs", while the inline-struct tag contains version and
configuration information.

Layout of the superblock name tag and inline-struct tag:

```
        tag                          data
[--      32      --][--      32      --|--      32      --]
[1|- 11 -| 10 | 10 ][---              64               ---]
 ^    ^     ^    ^- size (8)           ^- magic string ("littlefs")
 |    |     '------ id (0)
 |    '------------ type (0x0ff)
 '----------------- valid bit

tag                          data
[--      32      --][--      32      --|--      32      --|--      32      --]
[1|- 11 -| 10 | 10 ][--      32      --|--      32      --|--      32      --]
 ^    ^     ^    ^            ^- version         ^- block size      ^- block count
 |    |     |    |  [--      32      --|--      32      --|--      32      --]
 |    |     |    |  [--      32      --|--      32      --|--      32      --]
 |    |     |    |            ^- name max        ^- file max        ^- attr max
 |    |     |    '- size (24)
 |    |     '------ id (0)
 |    '------------ type (0x201)
 '----------------- valid bit
```

Superblock fields:

1. **Magic string (8-bytes)** - Magic string indicating the presence of
   littlefs on the device. Must be the string "littlefs".

2. **Version (32-bits)** - The version of littlefs at format time. The version
   is encoded in a 32-bit value with the upper 16-bits containing the major
   version, and the lower 16-bits containing the minor version.

This specification describes version 2.0 (`0x00020000`).

3. **Block size (32-bits)** - Size of the logical block size used by the
   filesystem in bytes.

4. **Block count (32-bits)** - Number of blocks in the filesystem.

5. **Name max (32-bits)** - Maximum size of file names in bytes.

6. **File max (32-bits)** - Maximum size of files in bytes.

7. **Attr max (32-bits)** - Maximum size of file attributes in bytes.

The superblock must always be the first entry (id 0) in a metadata pair as well
as be the first entry written to the block. This means that the superblock
entry can be read from a device using offsets alone.

---
#### `0x2xx` LFS_TYPE_STRUCT

Associates the id with an on-disk data structure.

The exact layout of the data depends on the data structure type stored in the
chunk field and can be one of the following.

Any type of struct supersedes all other structs associated with the id. For
example, appending a ctz-struct replaces an inline-struct on the same file.

---
#### `0x200` LFS_TYPE_DIRSTRUCT

Gives the id a directory data structure.

Directories in littlefs are stored on disk as a linked-list of metadata pairs,
each pair containing any number of files in alphabetical order.

```
     |
     v
 .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.
.| file A |->| file D |->| file G |->| file I |->| file J |->| file M |
|| file B | || file E | || file H | ||        | || file K | || file N |
|| file C | || file F | ||        | ||        | || file L | ||        |
|'--------' |'--------' |'--------' |'--------' |'--------' |'--------'
'--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'
```

The dir-struct tag contains only the pointer to the first metadata-pair in the
directory. The directory size is not known without traversing the directory.

The pointer to the next metadata-pair in the directory is stored in a tail tag,
which is described below.

Layout of the dir-struct tag:

```
        tag                          data
[--      32      --][--      32      --|--      32      --]
[1|- 11 -| 10 | 10 ][---              64               ---]
 ^    ^     ^    ^- size (8)           ^- metadata pair
 |    |     '------ id
 |    '------------ type (0x200)
 '----------------- valid bit
```

Dir-struct fields:

1. **Metadata pair (8-bytes)** - Pointer to the first metadata-pair
   in the directory.

---
#### `0x201` LFS_TYPE_INLINESTRUCT

Gives the id an inline data structure.

Inline structs store small files that can fit in the metadata pair. In this
case, the file data is stored directly in the tag's data area.

Layout of the inline-struct tag:

```
        tag                          data
[--      32      --][---        variable length        ---]
[1|- 11 -| 10 | 10 ][---           (size * 8)          ---]
 ^    ^     ^    ^- size                    ^- inline data
 |    |     '------ id
 |    '------------ type (0x201)
 '----------------- valid bit
```

Inline-struct fields:

1. **Inline data** - File data stored directly in the metadata-pair.

---
#### `0x202` LFS_TYPE_CTZSTRUCT

Gives the id a CTZ skip-list data structure.

CTZ skip-lists store files that can not fit in the metadata pair. These files
are stored in a skip-list in reverse, with a pointer to the head of the
skip-list. Note that the head of the skip-list and the file size is enough
information to read the file.

How exactly CTZ skip-lists work is a bit complicated. A full explanation can be
found in the [DESIGN.md](DESIGN.md#ctz-skip-lists).

A quick summary: For every _n_&zwj;th block where _n_ is divisible by
2&zwj;_&#739;_, that block contains a pointer to block _n_-2&zwj;_&#739;_.
These pointers are stored in increasing order of _x_ in each block of the file
before the actual data.

```
                                                               |
                                                               v
.--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.
| A      |<-| D      |<-| G      |<-| J      |<-| M      |<-| P      |
| B      |<-| E      |--| H      |<-| K      |--| N      |  | Q      |
| C      |<-| F      |--| I      |--| L      |--| O      |  |        |
'--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'
  block 0     block 1     block 2     block 3     block 4     block 5
              1 skip      2 skips     1 skip      3 skips     1 skip
```

Note that the maximum number of pointers in a block is bounded by the maximum
file size divided by the block size. With 32 bits for file size, this results
in a minimum block size of 104 bytes.

Layout of the CTZ-struct tag:

```
        tag                          data
[--      32      --][--      32      --|--      32      --]
[1|- 11 -| 10 | 10 ][--      32      --|--      32      --]
 ^    ^     ^    ^            ^                  ^- file size
 |    |     |    |            '-------------------- file head
 |    |     |    '- size (8)
 |    |     '------ id
 |    '------------ type (0x202)
 '----------------- valid bit
```

CTZ-struct fields:

1. **File head (32-bits)** - Pointer to the block that is the head of the
   file's CTZ skip-list.

2. **File size (32-bits)** - Size of the file in bytes.

---
#### `0x3xx` LFS_TYPE_USERATTR

Attaches a user attribute to an id.

littlefs has a concept of "user attributes". These are small user-provided
attributes that can be used to store things like timestamps, hashes,
permissions, etc.

Each user attribute is uniquely identified by an 8-bit type which is stored in
the chunk field, and the user attribute itself can be found in the tag's data.

There are currently no standard user attributes and a portable littlefs
implementation should work with any user attributes missing.

Layout of the user-attr tag:

```
        tag                          data
[--      32      --][---        variable length        ---]
[1| 3| 8 | 10 | 10 ][---           (size * 8)          ---]
 ^  ^  ^    ^    ^- size                    ^- attr data
 |  |  |    '------ id
 |  |  '----------- attr type
 |  '-------------- type1 (0x3)
 '----------------- valid bit
```

User-attr fields:

1. **Attr type (8-bits)** - Type of the user attributes.

2. **Attr data** - The data associated with the user attribute.

---
#### `0x6xx` LFS_TYPE_TAIL

Provides the tail pointer for the metadata pair itself.

The metadata pair's tail pointer is used in littlefs for a linked-list
containing all metadata pairs. The chunk field contains the type of the tail,
which indicates if the following metadata pair is a part of the directory
(hard-tail) or only used to traverse the filesystem (soft-tail).

```
         .--------.
        .| dir A  |-.
        ||softtail| |
.--------|        |-'
|       |'--------'
|       '---|--|-'
|        .-'    '-------------.
|       v                      v
|  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.
'->| dir B  |->| dir B  |->| dir C  |
  ||hardtail| ||softtail| ||        |
  ||        | ||        | ||        |
  |'--------' |'--------' |'--------'
  '--------'  '--------'  '--------'
```

Currently any type supersedes any other preceding tails in the metadata pair,
but this may change if additional metadata pair state is added.

A note about the metadata pair linked-list: Normally, this linked-list contains
every metadata pair in the filesystem. However, there are some operations that
can cause this linked-list to become out of sync if a power-loss were to occur.
When this happens, littlefs sets the "sync" flag in the global state. How
exactly this flag is stored is described below.

When the sync flag is set:

1. The linked-list may contain an orphaned directory that has been removed in
   the filesystem.
2. The linked-list may contain a metadata pair with a bad block that has been
   replaced in the filesystem.

If the sync flag is set, the threaded linked-list must be checked for these
errors before it can be used reliably. Note that the threaded linked-list can
be ignored if littlefs is mounted read-only.

Layout of the tail tag:

```
        tag                          data
[--      32      --][--      32      --|--      32      --]
[1| 3| 8 | 10 | 10 ][---              64               ---]
 ^  ^  ^   ^    ^- size (8)            ^- metadata pair
 |  |  |   '------ id
 |  |  '---------- tail type
 |  '------------- type1 (0x6)
 '---------------- valid bit
```

Tail fields:

1. **Tail type (8-bits)** - Type of the tail pointer.

2. **Metadata pair (8-bytes)** - Pointer to the next metadata-pair.

---
#### `0x600` LFS_TYPE_SOFTTAIL

Provides a tail pointer that points to the next metadata pair in the
filesystem.

In this case, the next metadata pair is not a part of our current directory
and should only be followed when traversing the entire filesystem.

---
#### `0x601` LFS_TYPE_HARDTAIL

Provides a tail pointer that points to the next metadata pair in the
directory.

In this case, the next metadata pair belongs to the current directory. Note
that because directories in littlefs are sorted alphabetically, the next
metadata pair should only contain filenames greater than any filename in the
current pair.

---
#### `0x7xx` LFS_TYPE_GSTATE

Provides delta bits for global state entries.

littlefs has a concept of "global state". This is a small set of state that
can be updated by a commit to _any_ metadata pair in the filesystem.

The way this works is that the global state is stored as a set of deltas
distributed across the filesystem such that the global state can be found by
the xor-sum of these deltas.

```
 .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.  .--------.
.|        |->| gdelta |->|        |->| gdelta |->| gdelta |
||        | || 0x23   | ||        | || 0xff   | || 0xce   |
||        | ||        | ||        | ||        | ||        |
|'--------' |'--------' |'--------' |'--------' |'--------'
'--------'  '----|---'  '--------'  '----|---'  '----|---'
                 v                       v           v
       0x00 --> xor ------------------> xor ------> xor --> gstate = 0x12
```

Note that storing globals this way is very expensive in terms of storage usage,
so any global state should be kept very small.

The size and format of each piece of global state depends on the type, which
is stored in the chunk field. Currently, the only global state is move state,
which is outlined below.

---
#### `0x7ff` LFS_TYPE_MOVESTATE

Provides delta bits for the global move state.

The move state in littlefs is used to store info about operations that could
cause to filesystem to go out of sync if the power is lost. The operations
where this could occur is moves of files between metadata pairs and any
operation that changes metadata pairs on the threaded linked-list.

In the case of moves, the move state contains a tag + metadata pair describing
the source of the ongoing move. If this tag is non-zero, that means that power
was lost during a move, and the file exists in two different locations. If this
happens, the source of the move should be considered deleted, and the move
should be completed (the source should be deleted) before any other write
operations to the filesystem.

In the case of operations to the threaded linked-list, a single "sync" bit is
used to indicate that a modification is ongoing. If this sync flag is set, the
threaded linked-list will need to be checked for errors before it can be used
reliably. The exact cases to check for are described above in the tail tag.

Layout of the move state:

```
        tag                                    data
[--      32      --][--      32      --|--      32      --|--      32      --]
[1|- 11 -| 10 | 10 ][1|- 11 -| 10 | 10 |---              64               ---]
 ^    ^     ^    ^   ^    ^     ^    ^- padding (0)       ^- metadata pair
 |    |     |    |   |    |     '------ move id
 |    |     |    |   |    '------------ move type
 |    |     |    |   '----------------- sync bit
 |    |     |    |
 |    |     |    '- size (12)
 |    |     '------ id (0x3ff)
 |    '------------ type (0x7ff)
 '----------------- valid bit
```

Move state fields:

1. **Sync bit (1-bit)** - Indicates if the metadata pair threaded linked-list
   is in-sync. If set, the threaded linked-list should be checked for errors.

2. **Move type (11-bits)** - Type of move being performed. Must be either
   `0x000`, indicating no move, or `0x4ff` indicating the source file should
   be deleted.

3. **Move id (10-bits)** - The file id being moved.

4. **Metadata pair (8-bytes)** - Pointer to the metadata-pair containing
   the move.

---
#### `0x5xx` LFS_TYPE_CRC

Last but not least, the CRC tag marks the end of a commit and provides a
checksum for any commits to the metadata block.

The first 32-bits of the data contain a CRC-32 with a polynomial of
`0x04c11db7` initialized with `0xffffffff`. This CRC provides a checksum for
all metadata since the previous CRC tag, including the CRC tag itself. For
the first commit, this includes the revision count for the metadata block.

However, the size of the data is not limited to 32-bits. The data field may
larger to pad the commit to the next program-aligned boundary.

In addition, the CRC tag's chunk field contains a set of flags which can
change the behaviour of commits. Currently the only flag in use is the lowest
bit, which determines the expected state of the valid bit for any following
tags. This is used to guarantee that unwritten storage in a metadata block
will be detected as invalid.

Layout of the CRC tag:

CRC fields:

1. **Valid state (1-bit)** - Indicates the expected value of the valid bit for
   any tags in the next commit.

2. **CRC (32-bits)** - CRC-32 with a polynomial of `0x04c11db7` initialized
   with `0xffffffff`.

3. **Padding** - Padding to the next program-aligned boundary. No guarantees
   are made about the contents.

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yuwei/littlefs

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