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MulanPSL-2.0

TypeScript 学习笔记

一、从java转到ts的注意事项

参考

1、ts 隐式创建派生类

interface Pointlike {
  x: number;
  y: number;
}
interface Named {
  name: string;
}
 
function logPoint(point: Pointlike) {
  console.log("x = " + point.x + ", y = " + point.y);
}
 
function logName(x: Named) {
  console.log("Hello, " + x.name);
}
 
const obj = {
  x: 0,
  y: 0,
  name: "Origin",
};
 
logPoint(obj);
logName(obj);

可以把obj作为Pointlike的一个实例,因为objPointlike的两个成员

一个对象内部具体包含什么成员决定了他是什么类型,而不是他被声明为什么,他就是什么类型的实例

面向对象的基本原则:派生类必须包含基类的所有属性,ts也遵循了这个规则,只不过隐式的帮我们创建了一个派生类和基类之间的关系

A subclass cannot remove a property of its base class, because doing so would destroy the natural subtype relationship between the derived class and its base. Structural type systems simply identify this relationship implicitly by describing subtypes in terms of having properties of compatible types.

同理,这样也是被允许的

class Car {
  drive() {
    // hit the gas
  }
}
class Golfer {
  drive() {
    // hit the ball far
  }
}
// No error?
let w: Car = new Golfer();

2、无法使用反射获取对象的类型

因为ts的类型系统是完全擦除的

二、准备ts环境

1、TypeScript 编译器

npm i -g typescript

三、老vue2项目新增对ts的支持

1、添加ts依赖

# 添加 tsc 编译器
yarn add -D typescript

# 添加 ts 基础配置文件
yarn add -D  @tsconfig/node12

2、工程目录下添加ts配置文件

tsconfig.json 参考

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    // 与 Vue 的浏览器支持保持一致
    "target": "es5",
    // 这可以对 `this` 上的数据 property 进行更严格的推断
    "strict": true,
    // 如果使用 webpack 2+ 或 rollup,可以利用 tree-shake:
    "module": "es2015",
    "moduleResolution": "node"
  },
  "extends": "@tsconfig/node12/tsconfig.json",

  "include": ["src/**/*.ts"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "**/*.spec.ts"]
}

3、后台启动tsc编译的整合(不推荐)

# 在工程根目录 启动 tsc 
# -watch 使其自动编译发生变化的 ts 文件
# -proect . 指定编译整个工程 要求当前目录下有一个 tsconfig.json 的文件
tsc -project . -watch

# 同时启动项目
yarn serve

4、效果演示

项目中新增ts文件

vue组件中引入ts

vue中测试引入的ts中的方法

确实有动态监控的功能

5、配置vue.config.js中的webpack整合ts

vue-cli 是一个全局的脚手架

vue-cli-service

vue-cli-service serve 命令会启动一个开发服务器 (基于 webpack-dev-server) 并附带开箱即用的模块热重载 (Hot-Module-Replacement)。

所以我们只需要在 vue cli 配置 webpack 的 loaders 就能让整个工程自动编译typescript

# webpack 使用 ts-loader 来加载 .ts 文件
# typescript 用于编译 ts
yarn add -D ts-loader@8 typescript

(1)vue中配置webpack添加对ts的支持

vue.config.js中配置webpack新增一个针对.ts .tsx文件的loader

webpack中配置自动添加对 ts tsx 文件的扩展名

vue.config.js中配置webpack

⚠️ 在vue.config.js中配置的configureWebpack相关的会被合并到最终的webpack的配置文件中

webpack全局别名配置参考

到此,文件扩展名为.ts .tsxtypescript代码已经能被ts-loader 正常加载和tsc编译

但是.vue组件中也含有typescript代码,所以需要额外声明tsloaderappendTsSuffixTo属性

tsloader 的 appendTsSuffixTo 属性参考

module.exports = {
  /***
   * https://cli.vuejs.org/zh/guide/webpack.html#%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95%E7%9A%84%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F
   * */
  configureWebpack: {
    resolve: {
      extensions: ['.js', '.ts', '.tsx'],
    },
  },
		chainWebpack: (config) => {

    config.module
      .rule('ts')
      .test(/\.tsx?$/)
     /* .use('cache-loader')
      .loader('cache-loader')
      .options({
        cacheDirectory: resolve('node_modules/.cache/ts-loader')
      })
      .end()*/
      .use('babel-loader')
      .loader('babel-loader')
      .end()
      .use('ts-loader')
      .loader('ts-loader')
      .options({
        transpileOnly: false, // 如果为 true 则 关闭类型检查,即只进行转译(类型检查交给webpack插件(fork-ts-checker-webpack-plugin)在另一个进程中进行,这就是所谓的多进程方案,如果设置transpileOnly为false, 则编译和类型检查全部由ts-loader来做, 这就是单进程方案.显然多进程方案速度更快)
      
      // https://github.com/TypeStrong/ts-loader
        appendTsSuffixTo: ['\\.vue$'],
        happyPackMode: false
      })
      .end()

		}
}

(2)vue-cli配置完成的结果

配置完成typescript之后,查看对typescript的配置详情

# 命令行执行
vue inspect --rule ts 

/* config.module.rule('ts') */
{
  test: /\.tsx?$/,
  use: [
    {
      loader: 'babel-loader'
    },
    {
      loader: 'ts-loader',
      options: {
        transpileOnly: false,
        appendTsSuffixTo: [
          '\\.vue$'
        ],
        happyPackMode: false
      }
    }
  ]
}

# 查看所有的 vue-cli 配置
vue inspect 
resolve: {
    alias: {
    # 导入组件时的 @ 前缀别名就是在这里进行配置的
      '@': '/Users/luojun/webstorm_project/Saber/src',
      vue$: 'vue/dist/vue.runtime.esm.js'
    },
    extensions: [
      '.mjs',
      '.js',
      '.jsx',
      '.vue',
      '.json',
      '.wasm',
      '.js',
      '.ts',
      '.tsx'
    ],
}

(3)新建一个vue组件

vue2 中 对 typescript 的支持参考

⚠️ 要让 TypeScript 正确推断 Vue 组件选项中的类型,您需要使用 Vue.componentVue.extend 定义组件

<template>
  <div>
    <div v-text="msg"></div>
    <el-button @click="changeMsg">点我</el-button>
  </div>
</template>


<script lang="ts">
// 需要指定语言类型为 typescript  
  
// 因为 vue.config.js 中  configureWebpack 配置了不需要指定 ts 的扩展名,所以这里不需要添加 .ts 后缀
import {add} from "./demo";
import vue from "vue";

// 必须使用 vue.extend() 或者 vue.component 来定义一个组件
export default vue.extend({
  name: "hello",
  data() {
    return {
      msgTemplate:"你好" ,
      msg: '',
      count: 0,
    }
  },
  methods: {
    addOne(a: number): number {
      // add(a, "")
      return add(a, 1)
    },
    changeMsg():void {
      this.count = this.addOne(this.count) 
      this.msg = this.msgTemplate + " " as string+ this.count 
    }
  }
})
</script>

<style scoped>

</style>

demo.ts 文件

export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  console.log("监控中",a,b)
  return a + b
}

(4)最终效果

vue整合ts完成

6、期间报错

(1)ts-loader 报错

yarn serve
yarn run v1.22.19
$ vue-cli-service serve
 INFO  Starting development server...
98% after emitting CopyPlugin

 ERROR  Failed to compile with 1 error                                                                                              11:09:35 AM

 error  in ./src/main.js

Syntax Error: TypeError: loaderContext.getOptions is not a function


 @ multi (webpack)-dev-server/client?http://192.168.1.140:1888/sockjs-node (webpack)/hot/dev-server.js ./src/main.js


解决参考

降低ts-loader的版本或者升级webpack@5

# 二选一
yarn add -D ts-loader@8

yarn add webpack@5.75.0

(2)ts 提示 .ts 文件导入报错


 error  in /Users/luojun/webstorm_project/Saber/src/views/usermenu/hello.vue.ts

[tsl] ERROR in /Users/luojun/webstorm_project/Saber/src/views/usermenu/hello.vue.ts(2,19)
      TS5097: An import path can only end with a '.ts' extension when 'allowImportingTsExtensions' is enabled.

解决:通过前面的在vue.config.js中的configureWebpack添加对.ts .tsx的支持

(3)编辑ts文件刷新后报错

in /Users/luojun/project/java_script/type_script/old_vue2/src/components/demo.ts

[tsl] ERROR in /Users/luojun/project/java_script/type_script/old_vue2/src/components/demo.ts(6,24)
      TS2307: Cannot find module '!../../node_modules/@vue/vue-loader-v15/lib/runtime/componentNormalizer.js' or its corresponding type declarations.

木兰宽松许可证, 第2版 木兰宽松许可证, 第2版 2020年1月 http://license.coscl.org.cn/MulanPSL2 您对“软件”的复制、使用、修改及分发受木兰宽松许可证,第2版(“本许可证”)的如下条款的约束: 0. 定义 “软件”是指由“贡献”构成的许可在“本许可证”下的程序和相关文档的集合。 “贡献”是指由任一“贡献者”许可在“本许可证”下的受版权法保护的作品。 “贡献者”是指将受版权法保护的作品许可在“本许可证”下的自然人或“法人实体”。 “法人实体”是指提交贡献的机构及其“关联实体”。 “关联实体”是指,对“本许可证”下的行为方而言,控制、受控制或与其共同受控制的机构,此处的控制是指有受控方或共同受控方至少50%直接或间接的投票权、资金或其他有价证券。 1. 授予版权许可 每个“贡献者”根据“本许可证”授予您永久性的、全球性的、免费的、非独占的、不可撤销的版权许可,您可以复制、使用、修改、分发其“贡献”,不论修改与否。 2. 授予专利许可 每个“贡献者”根据“本许可证”授予您永久性的、全球性的、免费的、非独占的、不可撤销的(根据本条规定撤销除外)专利许可,供您制造、委托制造、使用、许诺销售、销售、进口其“贡献”或以其他方式转移其“贡献”。前述专利许可仅限于“贡献者”现在或将来拥有或控制的其“贡献”本身或其“贡献”与许可“贡献”时的“软件”结合而将必然会侵犯的专利权利要求,不包括对“贡献”的修改或包含“贡献”的其他结合。如果您或您的“关联实体”直接或间接地,就“软件”或其中的“贡献”对任何人发起专利侵权诉讼(包括反诉或交叉诉讼)或其他专利维权行动,指控其侵犯专利权,则“本许可证”授予您对“软件”的专利许可自您提起诉讼或发起维权行动之日终止。 3. 无商标许可 “本许可证”不提供对“贡献者”的商品名称、商标、服务标志或产品名称的商标许可,但您为满足第4条规定的声明义务而必须使用除外。 4. 分发限制 您可以在任何媒介中将“软件”以源程序形式或可执行形式重新分发,不论修改与否,但您必须向接收者提供“本许可证”的副本,并保留“软件”中的版权、商标、专利及免责声明。 5. 免责声明与责任限制 “软件”及其中的“贡献”在提供时不带任何明示或默示的担保。在任何情况下,“贡献者”或版权所有者不对任何人因使用“软件”或其中的“贡献”而引发的任何直接或间接损失承担责任,不论因何种原因导致或者基于何种法律理论,即使其曾被建议有此种损失的可能性。 6. 语言 “本许可证”以中英文双语表述,中英文版本具有同等法律效力。如果中英文版本存在任何冲突不一致,以中文版为准。 条款结束 如何将木兰宽松许可证,第2版,应用到您的软件 如果您希望将木兰宽松许可证,第2版,应用到您的新软件,为了方便接收者查阅,建议您完成如下三步: 1, 请您补充如下声明中的空白,包括软件名、软件的首次发表年份以及您作为版权人的名字; 2, 请您在软件包的一级目录下创建以“LICENSE”为名的文件,将整个许可证文本放入该文件中; 3, 请将如下声明文本放入每个源文件的头部注释中。 Copyright (c) [Year] [name of copyright holder] [Software Name] is licensed under Mulan PSL v2. 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